流域的可持续管理:国际多个流域的案例研究

全球淡水资源正在不断受到污染和亏耗,威胁着可持续发展及人类和生态系统的健康。本文通过美国、日本、瑞士和巴西四个不同流域的案例研究,阐述了与淡水资源密切相关的可持续发展中的缺陷,指明了水资源可持续管理的总体方向。由于近几十年来人口的增长和经济的发展,每个流域的水质、流量和生物资源量都在下降。但是对于不同的流域来说,与水有关的这些问题的严重程度和文化观念大不相同,因而形成各自独特的水资源管理政策。在工业化国家,例如美国、瑞士和日本,这类政策允许采用资金密集型和能源密集型技术,使得这些国家在满足其水资源需求的同时还能尽量降低人类健康风险。然而,从可持续发展的观点看,以有限的自然资源为基础制定的这类政策,并非长久之计。对于新兴工业化国家(如巴西)来说,昂贵的水资源管理技术在经济上常常行不通,因而限制了新兴工业化国家和发展中国家对发达国家提供的技术的利用程度。要实现水资源的可持续管理,发达国家、新兴工业化国家和发展中国家都需要经历一个学习的过程。

The Barometer of Sustainability as a Monitoring Tool of the Sustainable Development Process in Ribeirao Preto, Brazil

The aim is to present and discuss the level of sustainability of Ribeirao Preto, Brazil based on Sustainability Indicators using the Barometer of Sustainability. The Barometer of Sustainability is a method of two-dimensional analysis which assesses the wellbeing in human and ecological dimensions of an equitable and systematic system, not leaving the data overlap, not masking the results and finding in a Wellbeing Index. The results showed that Ribeir^o Preto is on intermediate level in relation to sustainable development with better performance in human dimensions. The themes of Soil and Biodiversity were considered unsustainable in the analysis of findings. This reveals that the city presents a greater concern with the socio-economic issues at the expense of environmental issues.