The Internet of Things(loT)has grown rapidly due to artificial intelligence driven edge computing.While enabling many new functions,edge computing devices expand the vulnerability surface and have become the target of...The Internet of Things(loT)has grown rapidly due to artificial intelligence driven edge computing.While enabling many new functions,edge computing devices expand the vulnerability surface and have become the target of malware attacks.Moreover,attackers have used advanced techniques to evade defenses by transforming their malware into functionality-preserving variants.We systematically analyze such evasion attacks and conduct a large-scale empirical study in this paper to evaluate their impact on security.More specifically,we focus on two forms of evasion attacks:obfuscation and adversarial attacks.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the first to investigate and contrast the two families of evasion attacks systematically.We apply 10 obfuscation attacks and 9 adversarial attacks to 2870 malware examples.The obtained findings are as follows.(1)Commercial Off-The-Shelf(COTS)malware detectors are vulnerable to evasion attacks.(2)Adversarial attacks affect COTS malware detectors slightly more effectively than obfuscated malware examples.(3)Code similarity detection approaches can be affected by obfuscated examples and are barely affected by adversarial attacks.(4)These attacks can preserve the functionality of original malware examples.展开更多
In this study,an online HPLC-DAD-MS coupled with 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(A BTS)assay was employed for evaluating free radical scavenging activity of Eagle tea and their ...In this study,an online HPLC-DAD-MS coupled with 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(A BTS)assay was employed for evaluating free radical scavenging activity of Eagle tea and their active components.Twenty-three chromatographic peaks were detected,and nineteen components had free radical scavenging activity.Among them,eight compounds were identified as flavonoids(hyperin,isoquercitrin,quercitrin,quercetin,kaempferol),catechins,chlorogenic acid and epicatechin based on MS data and standard chromatographic characters.展开更多
A novel type of amphiphilic pH-responsive folate-poly(ε-caprolactone)- block-poly( 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate )-co-poly( 2-( dimethylamino )-ethylmethacrylate ) (FA-PCL-b-P(HEMA-co-DMAEMA)) (MFP) block ...A novel type of amphiphilic pH-responsive folate-poly(ε-caprolactone)- block-poly( 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate )-co-poly( 2-( dimethylamino )-ethylmethacrylate ) (FA-PCL-b-P(HEMA-co-DMAEMA)) (MFP) block copolymers were designed and synthe- sized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring opening polymerization (ROP) techniques. The molecular structures of the copolymers were confirmed with IH NMR, FTIR and GPC measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of MFP in aqueous solution was extremely low (about 6.54 mglL). The in vitro release behavior of DOX-Ioaded micelles was significantly accelerated when the pH value of solution decreased from 7.4 to 5.0. In vitro antitumor efficiency was evaluated by incubating DOX- loaded micelles with Hela cells. The results demonstrated that this copolymer possessed excellent biocompatibility, and FA-decorated micelles MFP showed higher cellular uptake than those micelles without the FA moiety, indicating their unique targetability. These folate-conjugated biodegradable micelles are highly promising for targeted cancer chemothe-rapy.展开更多
文摘The Internet of Things(loT)has grown rapidly due to artificial intelligence driven edge computing.While enabling many new functions,edge computing devices expand the vulnerability surface and have become the target of malware attacks.Moreover,attackers have used advanced techniques to evade defenses by transforming their malware into functionality-preserving variants.We systematically analyze such evasion attacks and conduct a large-scale empirical study in this paper to evaluate their impact on security.More specifically,we focus on two forms of evasion attacks:obfuscation and adversarial attacks.To the best of our knowledge,this paper is the first to investigate and contrast the two families of evasion attacks systematically.We apply 10 obfuscation attacks and 9 adversarial attacks to 2870 malware examples.The obtained findings are as follows.(1)Commercial Off-The-Shelf(COTS)malware detectors are vulnerable to evasion attacks.(2)Adversarial attacks affect COTS malware detectors slightly more effectively than obfuscated malware examples.(3)Code similarity detection approaches can be affected by obfuscated examples and are barely affected by adversarial attacks.(4)These attacks can preserve the functionality of original malware examples.
基金The research was supported by a grant from University of Macao(UL015/09-Y3 to Shaoping Li).
文摘In this study,an online HPLC-DAD-MS coupled with 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt(A BTS)assay was employed for evaluating free radical scavenging activity of Eagle tea and their active components.Twenty-three chromatographic peaks were detected,and nineteen components had free radical scavenging activity.Among them,eight compounds were identified as flavonoids(hyperin,isoquercitrin,quercitrin,quercetin,kaempferol),catechins,chlorogenic acid and epicatechin based on MS data and standard chromatographic characters.
基金This work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21367022, 51662036 and 21664013) and the Bingtuan Innovation Team in Key Areas (2015BD003).
文摘A novel type of amphiphilic pH-responsive folate-poly(ε-caprolactone)- block-poly( 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate )-co-poly( 2-( dimethylamino )-ethylmethacrylate ) (FA-PCL-b-P(HEMA-co-DMAEMA)) (MFP) block copolymers were designed and synthe- sized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring opening polymerization (ROP) techniques. The molecular structures of the copolymers were confirmed with IH NMR, FTIR and GPC measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of MFP in aqueous solution was extremely low (about 6.54 mglL). The in vitro release behavior of DOX-Ioaded micelles was significantly accelerated when the pH value of solution decreased from 7.4 to 5.0. In vitro antitumor efficiency was evaluated by incubating DOX- loaded micelles with Hela cells. The results demonstrated that this copolymer possessed excellent biocompatibility, and FA-decorated micelles MFP showed higher cellular uptake than those micelles without the FA moiety, indicating their unique targetability. These folate-conjugated biodegradable micelles are highly promising for targeted cancer chemothe-rapy.