Feed conversion ratio,residual feed intake and cholecystokinin type A receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with feed intake and average daily gain in a Chinese local chicken population

Background: The feed conversion ratio(FCR) and residual feed intake(RFI) are common indexes in measuring feed efficiency for livestock. RFI is a feed intake adjusted for requirements for maintenance and production so these two traits are related. Similarly, FCR is related to feed intake and weight gain because it is their ratio. Cholecystokinin type A receptor(CCKAR) plays an important role in animal digestive process. We examined the interplay of these three parameters in a local Chinese chicken population.Results: The feed intake(FI) and body weights(BW) of 1,841 individuals were monitored on a daily basis from 56 to 105 d of age. There was a strong correlation between RFI and average daily feed intake(ADFI) and a negative correlation between the FCR and daily gain(r=-0.710). Furthermore, we identified 51 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in the CCKAR and 4 of these resulted in amino acid mutations. The C334A mutation was specifically associated with FI and the expected feed intake(EFI)(P < 0.01) and significantly associated with the average daily gain(ADG)(P < 0.05). G1290A was significantly associated with FI and EFI(P < 0.05).Conclusion: FCR is apply to weight selecting, and RFI is more appropriate if the breeding focus is feed intake. And C334A and G1290A of the CCKAR gene can be deemed as candidate markers for feed intake and weight gain.

High expression of BCL6 inhibits the differentiation and development of hematopoietic stem cells and affects the growth and development of chickens

Background:B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6(BCL6)is a transcriptional master regulator that represses more than 1200 potential target genes.Our previous study showed that a decline in blood production in runting and stunting syndrome(RSS)affected sex-linked dwarf(SLD)chickens compared to SLD chickens.However,the association between BCL6 gene and hematopoietic function remains unknown in chickens.Methods:In this study,we used RSS affected SLD(RSS-SLD)chickens,SLD chickens and normal chickens as research object and overexpression of BCL6 in hematopoietic stem cells(HSCs),to investigate the effect of the BCL6 on differentiation and development of HSCs.Results:The results showed that comparison of RSS-SLD chickens with SLD chickens,the BCL6 was highly expressed in RSS-SLD chickens bone marrow.The bone marrow of RSS-SLD chickens was exhausted and red bone marrow was largely replaced by yellow bone marrow,bone density was reduced,and the levels of immature erythrocytes in peripheral blood were increased.At the same time,the hematopoietic function of HSCs decreased in RSS-SLD chickens,which was manifested by a decrease in the hematopoietic growth factors(HGFs)EPO,SCF,TPO,and IL-3,as well as hemoglobinα1 and hemoglobinβexpression.Moreover,mitochondrial function in the HSCs of RSS-SLD chickens was damaged,including an increase in ROS production,decrease in ATP concentration,and decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm).The same results were also observed in SLD chickens compared with normal chickens;however,the symptoms were more serious in RSS-SLD chickens.Additionally,after overexpression of the BCL6 in primary HSCs,the secretion of HGFs(EPO,SCF,TPO and IL-3)was inhibited and the expression of hemoglobinα1 and hemoglobinβwas decreased.However,cell proliferation was accelerated,apoptosis was inhibited,and the HSCs entered a cancerous state.The function of mitochondria was also abnormal,ROS production was decreased,and ATP concentration andΔΨm were increased,which was related to the inhibition of apoptosis of stem cells.Conclusions:Taken together,we conclude that the high expression of BCL6 inhibits the differentiation and development of HSCs by affecting mitochondrial function,resulting in impaired growth and development of chickens.Moreover,the abnormal expression of BCL6 might be a cause of the clinical manifestations of chicken comb,pale skin,stunted growth and development,and the tendency to appear RSS in SLD chickens.

基于iOS的App社交软件

本论文从iOS系统的发展状况、研究前景分析了项目的目的和意义。介绍了项目的开发环境Xcode的用法,软件swift语言的发展和优越性。最后进行了软件的测试,展示了本软件的使用流程。通过本App,用户可以分享自己的工作生活经验,更加方便快捷的与别人交流,并交到志同道合的朋友,提升了用户方方面面的生活体验。

Effect of hydrothermal treatment on the carbon structure of Inner Mongolia lignite

Understanding the structural properties of lignite during hydrothermal treatment would aid in predicting the subsequent behavior of coal during the pyrolysis,liquefaction,and gasification processes.Here,hydrothermal treatment of Inner Mongolia lignite(IM)was carried out in a lab autoclave.The distribution of carbon in the lignite was monitored via solid 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and the functional groups of oxygen in lignite were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The curve-fitting method was used to calculate the content of the functional groups quantitatively.The results show that hydrothermal treatment is an effective method for upgrading the lignite.The side chains of the aromatic ring in lignite are altered,while the main macromolecular structure remains nearly the same.The hydrothermal treatment of IM could be divided into three temperature-dependent stages.The first stage(<493 K)is the decomposition reaction of oxygen functional groups,where the O/C ratio decreases from 0.203 in raw IM to 0.185 for the IM treated at 493 K.In the second stage(493–533 K),hydrolysis of functional groups and hydrogen transfer between water and lignite occur.Here,the ratio of methylene to methyl increases from 0.871 in IM-493 to 1.241 for IM-533,and the content of quinone generates from the condensation of free phenol increased.The third stage(>533 K)involves breakage of the covalent bond,and the content of CH4 and CO in the emission gas clearly increase.

Faster evolution of Z-linked duplicate genes in chicken

It has been shown that duplicate genes on the X chromosome evolve much faster than duplicate genes on autosomes in Drosophila melanogaster. However, whether this phenomenon is general and can be applied to other species is not known. Here we examined this issue in chicken that have heterogametic females （females have ZW sex chromosome）. We compared sequence divergence of duplicate genes on the Z chromosome with those on autosomes. We found that duplications on the Z chromosome indeed evolved faster than those on autosomes and show distinct patterns of molecular evolution from autosomal duplications. Examination of the expression of duplicate genes revealed an enrichment of duplications on the Z chromosome having male-biased expression and an enrichment of duplications on the autosomes having female-biased expression. These results suggest an evolutionary trend of the recruitment of duplicate genes towards reproduction-specific function. The faster evolution of duplications on Z than on the autosomes is most likely contributed by the selective forces driving the fixation of adaptive mutations on Z. Therefore, the common phenomena observed in both flies and chicken suggest that duplicate genes on sex chromosomes have distinct dynamics and are more influenced by natural selection than autosomal duplications, regardless of the kind of sex determination systems.

Preparation and selection of Fe-Cu sorbent for COS removal in syngas

A series of iron-based sorbents prepared with iron trioxide hydrate,cupric oxide by a novel method was studied in a fixed-bed reactor for COS removal from syngas at moderate temperature.In addition,the sorbents mixed with various additives in different ratios were tested.The effects of additive type and ratio on the breakthrough capacity and desulfurization performance,as well as the influence of operating conditions on sulfidation behavior of the sorbent,were investigated.The simulate gas contained 1%COS,5%CO_(2),20%-30%CO and 60%-70%H_(2).The outlet gases from the fixed-bed reactor were automatically analyzed by on-line mass spectrometry,and the COS concentration before breakthrough can be kept steady at 1 ppmv.The result shows that the breakthrough sulfur capacity of the sorbent is as high as 25 g-S/100 g.At 700 K and space velocity of 1000 h^(-1),the efficiency of sulfur removal and breakthrough sulfur capacity of the sorbent increase with the increase of copper oxide with an optimum value.The result shows that the species and content of additives also affect desulfurization performance of the sorbent.