Co-pyrolysis characteristics of typical components of waste plastics in a falling film pyrolysis reactor

Waste plastics mainly come from MSW and usually exist in the form of mixed plastics. During the co-pyrolysis process of mixed plastics, various plastic components have different physicochemical properties and reaction mechanisms. Considering the high viscosity and low thermal conductivity of molten plastics, a falling film pyrolysis reactor was selected to explore the rapid co-pyrolysis process of typical plastic components(PP, PE and PS).The oil and gas yields and the compositions of pyrolysis products of the three components under different ratios at pyrolysis temperatures were analyzed to explore the co-pyrolysis characteristics of PP, PE, and PS. The study is of great significance to the recycling of waste plastics.

基于“维筋相交”治疗胞睑下垂的“三段取穴法”选穴思路探讨

针灸治疗部分神经源性、肌源性、机械性胞睑下垂具有较好的临床疗效,但多以局部取穴为主。"三段取穴法"是将巅顶至足底分为上、中、下三段进行取穴,上肢及头颈以上为上段,躯干至腰为中段,腰以下为下段。以"维筋相交"为理论基础,结合经脉循行、中医病机、现代神经解剖理论,探讨应用"三段取穴法"针灸治疗胞睑下垂的理论依据,为临床提供行之有效的方法论指导。

Evaluation of multi-cycle performance of chemical looping dry reforming using CO_2 as an oxidant with Fe–Ni bimetallic oxides

Chemical looping dry reforming（CLDR） is an innovative technology for CO2 utilization using the chemical looping principle.The CLDR process consists of three stages,i.e.CH4 reduction,CO2 reforming,and air oxidation.Spinel nickel ferrite（NiFe2O4） was prepared and its multi-cycle performance as an oxygen carrier for CLDR was experimentally investigated.X-ray diffraction（XRD） and Laser Raman spectroscopy showed that a pure spinel crystalline phase（NiFe2O4） was obtained by a parallel flow co-precipitating method.NiFe2O4was reduced into Fe-Ni alloy and wustite（FexO） during the CH4 reduction process.Subsequent oxidation of the reduced oxygen carrier was performed with CO2 as an oxidant to form an intermediate state：a mixture of spinel Ni（1-x）Fe（2＋x）O4,Fe（2＋y）O4 and metallic Ni.And CO was generated in parallel during this stage.Approximate 185 mL of CO was generated for 1 g spinel NiFe2O4 in a single cycle.The intermediate oxygen carrier was fully oxidized in the air oxidation stage to form a mixture of Ni（1＋x）Fe（2-x）O4 and Fe2O3.Although the original state of oxygen carrier（NiFe2O4） was not fully regenerated and agglomeration was observed,a good recyclability was shown in 10 successive redox cycles.

Molten waste plastic pyrolysis in a vertical falling film reactor and the influence of temperature on the pyrolysis products

Molten plastics are characterised with high viscosity and low thermal conductivity. Applying falling film pyrolysis reactor to deal with waste plastics can not only improve heat transfer efficiency, but also solve the flow problem. In this work, the pyrolysis process of molten polypropylene （PP） in a vertical falling film reactor is experimentally studied, and the influence of heating temperature on pyrolysis products is discussed. It has been found that with the temperature increases from 550 ℃ to 625 ℃, the yield of pyrolysis oil decreases from 74.4 wt% （ 4- 2.2 wt/%） to 53.5 wt% （± 1.3 wt%）. The major compositions of the pyrolysis oil are C9, C12 and C18, and β-scission reactions are predominant. The content of the light fraction C6-C12 of pyrolysis oil is 69.7 wt%. Compared with other pyrolysis reactors, the yield ofoil from vertical falling film pyrolysis reactor is slightly higher than that from tubular reactor, equal to that from rotary kiln reactor, and slightly lower than that in medium fluidised-bed reactor.

Heat transfer characteristics of molten plastics in a vertical falling film reactor

The heat transfer efficiency during the pyrolysis process is a key factor to be considered in the design of pyrolysis reactors. In this study, the average apparent heat transfer characteristics of molten plastic pyrolysis in a vertical falling film reactor were explored by experiments and numerical simulation and the apparent heat transfer coefficients were determined. In addition, the temperature distribution and the thickness of the liquid film in the reactor were predicted and the influences of pyrolysis temperatures on the average apparent heat transfer coefficients were discussed.

Effects of Porous Graphene on LiOH Based Composite Materials for Low Temperature Thermochemical Heat Storage

Thermochemical heat storage material inorganic hydrate LiOH is selected as a promising candidate material for storing low-temperature heat energy because of its high energy density(1440 kJ/kg)and mild reaction process.However,the low hydration rate of LiOH limits the performance of low temperature thermochemical heat storage system as well as the thermal conductivity.In this study,porous-graphene/LiOH composite thermochemical heat storage materials with strong water sorption property and higher thermal conductivity were synthesized by hydrothermal process.The experimental results show that the hydration rate of the composites was greatly improved.The heat storage density of the composite materials was increased by 47%(from 661 kJ/kg to 974 kJ/kg).By combing the porous graphene,the thermal conductivity of composites with different contents were highly increased by 21.1%to 78.7%,but the increase of heat storage density is opposite to that of thermal conductivity.The development of high-performance materials for thermochemical heat storage should consider the relationship between the heat storage density and thermal conductivity of the material,and the thermal conductivity of the supporter needs to be further improved.

Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

1 Introduction Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus(NPSLE)is a serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE),with an incidence of about 30%to 40%[1].No matter early or late SLE patients are prone to concurrent,so early diagnosis and treatment of NPSLE is extremely important.

Chlorine removal from MSWI fly ash by thermal treatment: Effects of iron/aluminum additives

The high content of alkali chlorides in municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI) fly ash limit its resource reuse due to the potential environmental risks.In this paper, with superheated steam as the gasifying agent and inducer, chlorides in fly ash were removed by thermal treatment within a moderate temperature range.Thermal treatment experiments were performed under different conditions: temperature(500–800℃), steam addition(mass ratio of steam to fly ash = 0.25–1) and residence time(0.5–3 hr).Iron and aluminum powders were added to fly ash to improve the chlorine removal efficiency.Water-soluble chlorides included Na Cl and KCl, and insoluble chlorides mainly included Ca(OH)Cl.The heating process with the addition of water steam was more efficient than that without steam in terms of the removal performance of water-soluble chlorides.The removal efficiency of soluble chlorides reached 75.25% for a mass ratio of 1:1 after 1-hr thermal treatment at 700℃.When the residence time was increased above 1 hr, the total dechlorination efficiency was not increased dramatically.Moreover, adding iron and aluminum powder into the fly ash improved the removal of water-insoluble chlorides, and the total dechlorination efficiency was increased by 11.41%–16.64%.

Hydrothermal treatment of MSWI fly ash for simultaneous dioxins decomposition and heavy metal stabilization

Researches on the hydrothermal treatment of municipal solid waste incineration(MSWI)fly ash were conducted to eliminate dioxins and stabilize heavy metals.In order to enhance decomposing polychlorinated dibenzodioxins(PCDDs)and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans(PCDFs)during hydrothermal process,a strong reductant carbohydrazide(CHZ)is introduced.A hydrothermal reactor was set up by mixing raw MSWI fly ash or the pre-treated fly ash with water and then heated to a pre-set temperature;CHZ was spiked into solution according to specially defined dosage.Experimental results showed that under the temperatures of 518 K and 533 K,the decomposition rates of PCDDs/PCDFs were over 80%and 90%,respectively,by total concentration.However,their toxic equivalent(TEQ)decreased only slightly or even increased due to the rising in concentration of congeners 2,3,7,8-TCDD/TCDF,which might be resulted from the highly chlorinated congeners losing their chlorine atoms and being degraded during the hydrothermal process.Better results of TEQ reduction were also obtained under the higher tested temperature of 533 K and reactor with addition of 0.1%wt CHZ was corresponded to the best results.Good stabilization of heavy metals was also obtained in the same hydrothermal process especially when ferrous sulphate was added as auxiliary agent.

Recycling combustibles from aged municipal solid wastes(MSW)to improve fresh MSW incineration in Shanghai:Investigation of necessity and feasibility

Aged municipal solid wastes(MSW)excavated from landfills and dumpsites were characterized to analyze their fraction composition,moisture content,and lower heat value(LHV).The necessity and feasibility of recycling combustibles from aged MSW to improve the incineration of fresh MSW were investigated.The results showed that combustibles in aged MSW were easily separated from other components and than LHV of the separated combustibles are higher than 11000 kJ/kg.The fresh MSW are of high moisture contents with average LHV below 6500 kJ/kg,making their stable combustion difficult to maintain in MSW incinerators.For both fresh MSW and aged MSW,plastics are the main contributor to their LHV.To improve incineration of fresh MSW that are characterized with low LHV,combustibles separated from aged MSW were made into refuse derived fuel(RDF)pellets and were then added to fresh MSW by 2%wt.–5%wt.LHV variation and air supply resistance change of the MSW layer on the incinerator grate caused by the addition of RDF was checked,and no significant changes were found.No obvious difference was observed for the‘burn-out time’between RDF pellets and fresh MSW either.RDF made from aged MSW combustibles is found to be a promising auxiliary fuel to improve the incineration of fresh MSW,and aged MSW from old landfill cells and dumpsites can be finally disposed of jointly with fresh MSW by recycling combustible from the former to be coincinerated with the latter in the incineration plants.