Preparation, characterization and evaluation of kaempferol phospholipid complex: Improvement of its solubility and biological eff ect

Kaempferol(KA),as one of the flavonoids,has extensive pharmacological properties.However,the poor solubility of KA severely limits its clinical application.In our study,the kaempferol phospholipid complex(KA-PC)has been prepared by solvent evaporation for the enhancement of the bioavailability of KA.KA-PC was verified by scanning electron microscope characterization methods.Drug loading,solubility and long-term stability were measured.The characterization results showed that KA-PC was formed through the intermolecular interaction between KA and phospholipids.The solubility of KA-PC in water was 189 times higher than that of KA,and the solubility in n-octanol was also significantly improved.Besides,pharmacodynamic studies showed that KA-PC can significantly reduce the level of serum uric acid in mice without causing renal injury.This study expanded the clinical application of KA by preparing KA-PC.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas

Quinoa is a good source of phenolics,which both exist as free and bound forms.In order to mark clear the characteristic free and bound phenolics in different quinoa samples,in this study,characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas including WQ(white quinoa),RQ(red quinoa)and BQ(black quinoa)were investigated.Result showed a total of 14 phenolics both acted as free and bound form were analyzed in three colored quinoas(WQ,RQ and BQ).Gallic acid,vanillic acid,epicatechin,p-coumaric acid and quercetin existed both as free and bound forms were common phenolics in quinoas.The highest total free phenolics(238.10 mg/kg)and bound phenolics(3377.75 mg/kg)were presented in WQ and RQ,respectively.It indicated WQ and RQ were respectively good source of free and bound phenolics.Moreover,characteristic free and bound phenolics in three colored quinoas could be well analyzed by principal component analysis(PCA),indicating it was an effective and reliable method in distinguishing three colored quinoas based on their characteristic free and bound phenolics,respectively.

Improvement of Chen-Zhang-Liu’s IRPB Signature Scheme

Restrictive partially blind signatures incorporate the advantages of restrictive blind signatures and partially blind signatures, which play an important role in electronic commerce. Recently, Chen-Zhang-Liu first proposed an ID-based restrictive partially blind (IRPB) signature from bilinear pairings. Later, Hu-Huang showed that the Chen-Zhang-Liu’s scheme has a security weakness, and pointed out that their scheme does not satisfy the property of restrictiveness as they claimed. In this paper, we improve Chen-Zhang-Liu’s scheme and propose a new signature scheme from bilinear pairings. The improved scheme can resist the Hu-Huang’s attack.

Long-term outcomes of brainstem arteriovenous malformations after different management modalities: a single-centre experience

Objective The aims of this study are to clarify the long-term outcomes of brainstem arteriovenous malformations(AVMs)after different management modalities.Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed 61 brainstem AVMs in their institution between 2011 and 2017.The rupture risk was represented by annualised haemorrhagic rate.Patients were divided into five groups:conservation,microsurgery,embolisation,stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS)and embolisation+SRS.Neurofunctional outcomes were evaluated by the modified Rankin Scale(mRS).Subgroup analysis was conducted between different management modalities to compare the long-term outcomes in rupture or unruptured cohorts.Results All of 61 brainstem AVMs(12 unruptured and 49 ruptured)were followed up for an average of 4.5 years.The natural annualised rupture risk was 7.3%,and the natural annualised reruptured risk in the ruptured cohort was 8.9%.13 cases were conservative managed and 48 cases underwent intervention(including 6 microsurgery,12 embolisation,21 SRS and 9 embolisation+SRS).In the selection of interventional indication,diffuse nidus were often suggested conservative management(p=0.004)and nidus involving the midbrain were more likely to be recommended for intervention(p=0.034).The risk of subsequent haemorrhage was significantly increased in partial occlusion compared with complete occlusion and conservative management(p<0.001,p=0.036,respectively).In the subgroup analysis,the follow-up mRS scores of different management modalities were similar whether in the rupture cohort(p=0.064)or the unruptured cohort(p=0.391),as well as the haemorrhage-free survival(p=0.145).In the adjusted Bonferroni correction analysis of the ruptured cohort,microsurgery and SRS could significantly improve the obliteration rate compared with conservation(p<0.001,p=0.001,respectively)and SRS may have positive effect on avoiding new-onset neurofunctional deficit compared with microsurgery and embolisation(p=0.003,p=0.003,respectively).Conclusions Intervention has similar neurofunctional outcomes as conservation in these brainstem AVM cohorts.If intervention is adopted,partial obliteration should be avoided because of the high subsequent rupture risk.