Turbidites fromthe Shiquanhe–Namco OphioliteMélange Zone(SNMZ)record critical information about the tectonic affinity of the SNMZand the evolutionary history of theMeso-Tethys Ocean in Tibet.This paper reports s...Turbidites fromthe Shiquanhe–Namco OphioliteMélange Zone(SNMZ)record critical information about the tectonic affinity of the SNMZand the evolutionary history of theMeso-Tethys Ocean in Tibet.This paper reports sedimentologic,sandstone petrographic,zircon U-Pb geochronologic,and clastic rocks geochemical data of newly identified turbidites(Asa Formation)in the Asa Ophiolite Mélange.The youngest ages of detrital zircon from the turbiditic sandstone samples,together with~115 Ma U-Pb concordant age from the tuff intercalation within the Asa Formation indicate an Early Cretaceous age.The sandstone mineral modal composition data show that the main component is quartz grains and the minor components are sedimentary and volcanic fragments,suggesting that the turbidites were mainly derived froma recycled orogen provenancewith a minor addition of volcanic arc materials.The detrital U-Pb zircon ages of turbiditic sandstones yield main age populations of 170–120 Ma,300–220 Ma,600–500 Ma,1000–700 Ma,1900–1500 Ma,and~2500 Ma,similar to the ages of the Qiangtang Terrane(age peak of 600–500 Ma,1000–900 Ma,~1850 Ma and~2500 Ma)and the accretionary complex in the Bangong–Nujiang Ophiolite Zone(BNMZ)rather than the age of the Central Lhasa Terrane(age peak of~300 Ma,~550 Ma and~1150 Ma).The mineral modal compositions,detrital U-Pb zircon ages,and geochemical data of clastic rocks suggest that the Asa Formation is composed of sediments primarily recycled from the Jurassic accretionary complex within the BNMZ with the secondary addition of intermediate-felsic island arc materials from the South Qiangtang Terrane.Based on our new results and previous studies,we infer that the SNMZ represents a part of the Meso-Tethys Suture Zone,rather than a southward tectonic klippe of the BNMZ or an isolated ophiolitic mélange zone within the Lhasa Terrane.The Meso-Tethys Suture Zone records the continuous evolutionary history of the northward subduction,accretion,arc-Lhasa collision,and Lhasa-Qiangtang collision of the Meso-Tethys Ocean from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.展开更多
AIM: To investigate and evaluate healing patterns around flaps made with different side-cut angulations after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK).METHODS: Thirty-four patients(68 eyes) received a 90...AIM: To investigate and evaluate healing patterns around flaps made with different side-cut angulations after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK).METHODS: Thirty-four patients(68 eyes) received a 90° side-cut(n=34) or a 120° side-cut flaps(n=34) made with a femtosecond laser. One day, 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo postoperatively, side-cut scar was evaluated under slit-lamp photography according to a new grading system(Grade 0=transparent scar, 1=faint healing opacity, and 2=evident healing opacity). In vivo corneal confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT) were used to observe wound-healing patterns around flap margin in the two groups. Sirius Scheimpflug Analyzer was also used to analyze higher order aberrations 3 mo after surgery.RESULTS: There were no significant differences in flap wound-healing patterns at each follow up between the two groups(P>0.05). Three months after surgery, the flap edge scar classified as Grade 0 had excellent apposition and rapid nerve regeneration. At 3 mm and 5 mm pupil diameters, there were significant differences in trefoil aberrations between the two groups(P<0.05), but no statistically significant differences were found in total higher order aberrations(HOAs), spherical aberrations or coma in any of the pupil size conditions(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Flap edge scars classified as Grade 0 have excellent apposition and rapid nerve regeneration, and 120° side-cut angle flaps induce less trefoil aberrations after FS-LASIK.展开更多
目的:探讨FS-LASIK设置6.0mm和6.5mm两种光学区直径对术后视觉质量的影响。方法:本研究为前瞻性研究。选取行FS-LASIK手术的患者25例50眼,随机预设置患者双眼光学区切削直径6.0mm或6.5mm,并按光学区直径分为6.0mm及6.5mm两组。术后3mo...目的:探讨FS-LASIK设置6.0mm和6.5mm两种光学区直径对术后视觉质量的影响。方法:本研究为前瞻性研究。选取行FS-LASIK手术的患者25例50眼,随机预设置患者双眼光学区切削直径6.0mm或6.5mm,并按光学区直径分为6.0mm及6.5mm两组。术后3mo对两组患者进行Sirius三维眼前节分析系统测量角膜高阶像差(包括3、5、7mm瞳孔直径下的总高阶像差、球差、彗差及三叶草差)以及OQASⅡ视觉质量分析仪比较MTF截止空间频率(MTF cut off)、斯特列尔比值(SR)和客观散射指数(OSI)、不同模拟对比度视力(OV100%、OV20%、OV9%),并对两组患者进行OSDI干眼相关视觉质量主观问卷调查。结果:术后3mo,3mm瞳孔直径下,两组总高阶像差、球差、彗差及三叶草差无差异(均 P >0.05);5mm瞳孔直径下,两组总高阶像差、彗差、三叶草差无差异(均 P >0.05),但球差有差异( P <0.05);7mm瞳孔直径下,两组总高阶像差、球差均有差异(均 P <0.05),但彗差、三叶草差无差异(均 P >0.05)。两组的OSDI问卷评分及OQASⅡ客观视觉质量各项参数均无差异(均 P >0.05)。结论:6.5mm光学区直径FS-LASIK术后暗环境的高阶像差较小,但术前设置6.0mm光学区直径或6.5mm光学区直径均能获得良好的主观及客观视觉质量。展开更多
Simultaneous co-firing of the levator palpebrae （LP） and pterygoid muscles were recorded in Marcus Gann Syndrome （MGS） patients in early clinical studies. ＂Release hypothesis＂ proposed an intrinsic masticatory o...Simultaneous co-firing of the levator palpebrae （LP） and pterygoid muscles were recorded in Marcus Gann Syndrome （MGS） patients in early clinical studies. ＂Release hypothesis＂ proposed an intrinsic masticatory oculo- motor neural circuit and this kind circuit, which, however, has been observed only in amphibian. On the other hand, congenital miswiring hypothesis has overwhelmed other interpretations. However, the same phenomenon visualized in MGS cases was unveiled in human subjects without any sign of congenital oculomotor disorder. To further study co-firing of the upper eyelid and jaw muscles, we applied non-invasive EMG recording of the upper eyelid and ipsilateral masseter muscle belly in nine healthy volunteers. LP activity was determined initially by looking upward and active retraction of upper eyelid with head fixed. Then, dual channel inputs from upper eyelid and masseter muscle was recorded during tooth occlusion motivated by isometric masseter muscle contraction without jaw and face moving. The EMG recorded from upper eyelid when the subjects retracted eyelid with head fixed exhibited the same pattern as that collected during tooth occlusion, but the pattern was completely different from EMG of active eye closure. This reflects tooth occlusion evoked LP activity. Then, simultaneous co-firing of the LP and masseter muscle was recorded simultaneously during tooth occlusion without jaw movement. Finally, the aforemen- tioned co-firing was recorded when the subjects conducted rhythmic occlusion and synchronous EMG from both muscles was acquired. In conclusions, humans may also have an intrinsic masticatory oculomotor circuit and release hypothesis may apply, at least, to some cases of MGS.展开更多
Brain asymmetry for processing visual information is widespread in animals.However,it is still unknown how the complexity of the underlying neural network activities represents this asymmetrical pattern in the brain.I...Brain asymmetry for processing visual information is widespread in animals.However,it is still unknown how the complexity of the underlying neural network activities represents this asymmetrical pattern in the brain.In the present study,we investigated this complexity using the approximate entropy(ApEn)protocol for electroencephalogram(EEG)recordings from the forebrain and midbrain while the music frogs(Nidirana daunchina)attacked prey stimulus.The results showed that(1)more significant prey responses were evoked by the prey stimulus presented in the right visual field than that in the left visual field,consistent with the idea that right-eye preferences for predatory behaviors exist in animals including anurans;(2)in general,the ApEn value of the left hemisphere(especially the left mesencephalon)was greatest under various stimulus conditions,suggesting that visual lateralization could be reflected by the dynamics of underlying neural network activities and that the stable left-hemisphere dominance of EEG ApEn may play an important role in maintaining this brain asymmetry.展开更多
To overcome the pain and risk of hypoglycemia in insulin administration,glucose-responsive microneedles have been developed by researchers,which could release insulin according to the blood glucose level.We designed a...To overcome the pain and risk of hypoglycemia in insulin administration,glucose-responsive microneedles have been developed by researchers,which could release insulin according to the blood glucose level.We designed a kind of particles by a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)method containing a phenylboronic acid group as the sensor of glucose and carrier of insulin.poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-2-(dodecylthio(thiocarbonyl)thio)-2-methylpropionic acid(DDMAT)was synthesized as a macromolecular RAFT agent,which was then reacted with 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid(AAPBA)to synthesize the block copolymer PEG-b-PAAPBA.Glucose-responsive particles loaded with insulin were prepared by self-assembly based on hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions.Microneedle patches loaded with glucose-responsive particles were prepared using hyaluronic acid as the substrate.The insulin release behavior of the particles in glucose solutions of 0,100,and 400 mg/dL showed significant glucose responsiveness and good biosafety.The results of blood glucose control experiments in rats indicate that a single microneedle patch can effectively maintain normal blood glucose for over 7 h.展开更多
Electrocatalytic water splitting is an essential and effective means to produce green hydrogen energy structures,so it is necessary to develop non-precious metal catalysts to replace precious metals.Cobalt-based catal...Electrocatalytic water splitting is an essential and effective means to produce green hydrogen energy structures,so it is necessary to develop non-precious metal catalysts to replace precious metals.Cobalt-based catalysts present effective alternatives due to the diverse valence states,adjustable electronic structures,and plentiful components.In this review,the catalytic mechanisms of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)for electrocatalytic water splitting are described.Then,the synthesis strategies of various cobalt-based catalysts are systematically summarized,followed by the relationships between the structure and performance clarified.Subsequently,the effects of d-band center and spin regulation for cobalt-based catalysts are also discussed.Furthermore,the dynamic electronic and structural devolution of cobalt-based catalysts are elucidated by combining a series of in-situ characterizations.Finally,we highlight the challenges and future developed directions of cobalt-based catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting.展开更多
The ability to discriminate species and recognize individuals is crucial for reproductive success and/or survival in most animals.However,the temporal order and neural localization of these decision-making processes h...The ability to discriminate species and recognize individuals is crucial for reproductive success and/or survival in most animals.However,the temporal order and neural localization of these decision-making processes has remained unclear.In this study,event-related potentials(ERPs)were measured in the telencephalon,diencephalon,and mesencephalon of the music frog Nidirana daunchina.These ERPs were elicited by calls from 1 group of heterospecifics(recorded from a sympatric anuran species)and 2 groups of conspecifics that differed in their fundamental frequencies.In terms of the polarity and position within the ERP waveform,auditory ERPs generally consist of 4 main components that link to selective attention(N1),stimulus evaluation(P2),identification(N2),and classification(P3).These occur around 100,200,250,and 300 ms after stimulus onset,respectively.Our results show that the N1 amplitudes differed significantly between the heterospecific and conspecific calls,but not between the 2 groups of conspecific calls that differed in fundamental frequency.On the other hand,the N2 amplitudes were significantly different between the 2 groups of conspecific calls,suggesting that the music frogs discriminated the species first,followed by individual identification,since N1 and N2 relate to selective attention and stimuli identification,respectively.Moreover,the P2 amplitudes evoked in females were significantly greater than those in males,indicating the existence of sexual dimorphism in auditory discrimination.In addition,both the N1 amplitudes in the left diencephalon and the P2 amplitudes in the left telencephalon were greater than in other brain areas,suggesting left hemispheric dominance in auditory perception.Taken together,our results support the hypothesis that species discrimination and identification of individual characteristics are accomplished sequentially,and that auditory perception exhibits differences between sexes and in spatial dominance.展开更多
Fe-N-C structures have been considered as a candidate to replace noble metal catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)due to their excellent electrocatalytic activity and durability.Herein,a zincmediated synthe...Fe-N-C structures have been considered as a candidate to replace noble metal catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)due to their excellent electrocatalytic activity and durability.Herein,a zincmediated synthesis strategy is proposed for N-doped graphitic porous carbon encapsulated uniform dispersed Fe_(3)C nanoparticles coupled with atomically dispersed Fe-Nxmoieties(NPC/Fe-N-C)derived from biomass coconut shell.The introduction of zinc species could be conductive to the dispersion of iron species and formation of porous structures.Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the N-doped carbon coating structures can weaken the oxygen intermediates adsorption energy barrier of Fe_(3)C.Beside,the graphitic carbon could promote the electron transfer during the electrochemical reaction.These special structures enable NPC/Fe-N-C to have excellent ORR activity with an Eonsetof 1.0 V,which is much better than Pt/C.Furthermore,the zinc-air battery assembled by pairing NPC/Fe-N-C with a high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalyst can continuously and stably operate a chargedischarge potential gap of 0.8 V at 10 m A/cm^(2)for more than 600 h.More importantly,the assembled batteries could drive overall water splitting device,realizing the effective energy conversion.展开更多
基金by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41402190 and 41602230)the Program of China Geological Survey(Grant No.121201010000150014 and DD20160026)Opening Foundation of Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Evaluation in Northeast Asia,Ministry of Natural Resources(DBY-ZZ-18-06).
文摘Turbidites fromthe Shiquanhe–Namco OphioliteMélange Zone(SNMZ)record critical information about the tectonic affinity of the SNMZand the evolutionary history of theMeso-Tethys Ocean in Tibet.This paper reports sedimentologic,sandstone petrographic,zircon U-Pb geochronologic,and clastic rocks geochemical data of newly identified turbidites(Asa Formation)in the Asa Ophiolite Mélange.The youngest ages of detrital zircon from the turbiditic sandstone samples,together with~115 Ma U-Pb concordant age from the tuff intercalation within the Asa Formation indicate an Early Cretaceous age.The sandstone mineral modal composition data show that the main component is quartz grains and the minor components are sedimentary and volcanic fragments,suggesting that the turbidites were mainly derived froma recycled orogen provenancewith a minor addition of volcanic arc materials.The detrital U-Pb zircon ages of turbiditic sandstones yield main age populations of 170–120 Ma,300–220 Ma,600–500 Ma,1000–700 Ma,1900–1500 Ma,and~2500 Ma,similar to the ages of the Qiangtang Terrane(age peak of 600–500 Ma,1000–900 Ma,~1850 Ma and~2500 Ma)and the accretionary complex in the Bangong–Nujiang Ophiolite Zone(BNMZ)rather than the age of the Central Lhasa Terrane(age peak of~300 Ma,~550 Ma and~1150 Ma).The mineral modal compositions,detrital U-Pb zircon ages,and geochemical data of clastic rocks suggest that the Asa Formation is composed of sediments primarily recycled from the Jurassic accretionary complex within the BNMZ with the secondary addition of intermediate-felsic island arc materials from the South Qiangtang Terrane.Based on our new results and previous studies,we infer that the SNMZ represents a part of the Meso-Tethys Suture Zone,rather than a southward tectonic klippe of the BNMZ or an isolated ophiolitic mélange zone within the Lhasa Terrane.The Meso-Tethys Suture Zone records the continuous evolutionary history of the northward subduction,accretion,arc-Lhasa collision,and Lhasa-Qiangtang collision of the Meso-Tethys Ocean from the Early Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Program of Xi’an,China No.201805097YX5SF31(2)the Foundation of Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Project (No.2018SF-216)。
文摘AIM: To investigate and evaluate healing patterns around flaps made with different side-cut angulations after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis(FS-LASIK).METHODS: Thirty-four patients(68 eyes) received a 90° side-cut(n=34) or a 120° side-cut flaps(n=34) made with a femtosecond laser. One day, 1 wk, 1 and 3 mo postoperatively, side-cut scar was evaluated under slit-lamp photography according to a new grading system(Grade 0=transparent scar, 1=faint healing opacity, and 2=evident healing opacity). In vivo corneal confocal microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT) were used to observe wound-healing patterns around flap margin in the two groups. Sirius Scheimpflug Analyzer was also used to analyze higher order aberrations 3 mo after surgery.RESULTS: There were no significant differences in flap wound-healing patterns at each follow up between the two groups(P>0.05). Three months after surgery, the flap edge scar classified as Grade 0 had excellent apposition and rapid nerve regeneration. At 3 mm and 5 mm pupil diameters, there were significant differences in trefoil aberrations between the two groups(P<0.05), but no statistically significant differences were found in total higher order aberrations(HOAs), spherical aberrations or coma in any of the pupil size conditions(P>0.05).CONCLUSION: Flap edge scars classified as Grade 0 have excellent apposition and rapid nerve regeneration, and 120° side-cut angle flaps induce less trefoil aberrations after FS-LASIK.
文摘目的:探讨FS-LASIK设置6.0mm和6.5mm两种光学区直径对术后视觉质量的影响。方法:本研究为前瞻性研究。选取行FS-LASIK手术的患者25例50眼,随机预设置患者双眼光学区切削直径6.0mm或6.5mm,并按光学区直径分为6.0mm及6.5mm两组。术后3mo对两组患者进行Sirius三维眼前节分析系统测量角膜高阶像差(包括3、5、7mm瞳孔直径下的总高阶像差、球差、彗差及三叶草差)以及OQASⅡ视觉质量分析仪比较MTF截止空间频率(MTF cut off)、斯特列尔比值(SR)和客观散射指数(OSI)、不同模拟对比度视力(OV100%、OV20%、OV9%),并对两组患者进行OSDI干眼相关视觉质量主观问卷调查。结果:术后3mo,3mm瞳孔直径下,两组总高阶像差、球差、彗差及三叶草差无差异(均 P >0.05);5mm瞳孔直径下,两组总高阶像差、彗差、三叶草差无差异(均 P >0.05),但球差有差异( P <0.05);7mm瞳孔直径下,两组总高阶像差、球差均有差异(均 P <0.05),但彗差、三叶草差无差异(均 P >0.05)。两组的OSDI问卷评分及OQASⅡ客观视觉质量各项参数均无差异(均 P >0.05)。结论:6.5mm光学区直径FS-LASIK术后暗环境的高阶像差较小,但术前设置6.0mm光学区直径或6.5mm光学区直径均能获得良好的主观及客观视觉质量。
基金partially supported by Natural Sciences Research Funding 2006C225 and 2009K01-74 from Shaanxi Province
文摘Simultaneous co-firing of the levator palpebrae （LP） and pterygoid muscles were recorded in Marcus Gann Syndrome （MGS） patients in early clinical studies. ＂Release hypothesis＂ proposed an intrinsic masticatory oculo- motor neural circuit and this kind circuit, which, however, has been observed only in amphibian. On the other hand, congenital miswiring hypothesis has overwhelmed other interpretations. However, the same phenomenon visualized in MGS cases was unveiled in human subjects without any sign of congenital oculomotor disorder. To further study co-firing of the upper eyelid and jaw muscles, we applied non-invasive EMG recording of the upper eyelid and ipsilateral masseter muscle belly in nine healthy volunteers. LP activity was determined initially by looking upward and active retraction of upper eyelid with head fixed. Then, dual channel inputs from upper eyelid and masseter muscle was recorded during tooth occlusion motivated by isometric masseter muscle contraction without jaw and face moving. The EMG recorded from upper eyelid when the subjects retracted eyelid with head fixed exhibited the same pattern as that collected during tooth occlusion, but the pattern was completely different from EMG of active eye closure. This reflects tooth occlusion evoked LP activity. Then, simultaneous co-firing of the LP and masseter muscle was recorded simultaneously during tooth occlusion without jaw movement. Finally, the aforemen- tioned co-firing was recorded when the subjects conducted rhythmic occlusion and synchronous EMG from both muscles was acquired. In conclusions, humans may also have an intrinsic masticatory oculomotor circuit and release hypothesis may apply, at least, to some cases of MGS.
基金supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31970422,No.31672305 and No.31372217 to Guangzhan Fang)the Key Research Project of Education Department of Sichuan Province(No.18ZA0321 to Yansu Liu)。
文摘Brain asymmetry for processing visual information is widespread in animals.However,it is still unknown how the complexity of the underlying neural network activities represents this asymmetrical pattern in the brain.In the present study,we investigated this complexity using the approximate entropy(ApEn)protocol for electroencephalogram(EEG)recordings from the forebrain and midbrain while the music frogs(Nidirana daunchina)attacked prey stimulus.The results showed that(1)more significant prey responses were evoked by the prey stimulus presented in the right visual field than that in the left visual field,consistent with the idea that right-eye preferences for predatory behaviors exist in animals including anurans;(2)in general,the ApEn value of the left hemisphere(especially the left mesencephalon)was greatest under various stimulus conditions,suggesting that visual lateralization could be reflected by the dynamics of underlying neural network activities and that the stable left-hemisphere dominance of EEG ApEn may play an important role in maintaining this brain asymmetry.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(No.LHDMZ22H300003)the Science and Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2019C03063),China。
文摘To overcome the pain and risk of hypoglycemia in insulin administration,glucose-responsive microneedles have been developed by researchers,which could release insulin according to the blood glucose level.We designed a kind of particles by a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)method containing a phenylboronic acid group as the sensor of glucose and carrier of insulin.poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)-2-(dodecylthio(thiocarbonyl)thio)-2-methylpropionic acid(DDMAT)was synthesized as a macromolecular RAFT agent,which was then reacted with 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid(AAPBA)to synthesize the block copolymer PEG-b-PAAPBA.Glucose-responsive particles loaded with insulin were prepared by self-assembly based on hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions.Microneedle patches loaded with glucose-responsive particles were prepared using hyaluronic acid as the substrate.The insulin release behavior of the particles in glucose solutions of 0,100,and 400 mg/dL showed significant glucose responsiveness and good biosafety.The results of blood glucose control experiments in rats indicate that a single microneedle patch can effectively maintain normal blood glucose for over 7 h.
基金support of this research by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20250 and 22179034)the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.ZD2023B002).
文摘Electrocatalytic water splitting is an essential and effective means to produce green hydrogen energy structures,so it is necessary to develop non-precious metal catalysts to replace precious metals.Cobalt-based catalysts present effective alternatives due to the diverse valence states,adjustable electronic structures,and plentiful components.In this review,the catalytic mechanisms of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)for electrocatalytic water splitting are described.Then,the synthesis strategies of various cobalt-based catalysts are systematically summarized,followed by the relationships between the structure and performance clarified.Subsequently,the effects of d-band center and spin regulation for cobalt-based catalysts are also discussed.Furthermore,the dynamic electronic and structural devolution of cobalt-based catalysts are elucidated by combining a series of in-situ characterizations.Finally,we highlight the challenges and future developed directions of cobalt-based catalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting.
基金the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China Nos.32170504,31970422,and 31672305 to G.F.
文摘The ability to discriminate species and recognize individuals is crucial for reproductive success and/or survival in most animals.However,the temporal order and neural localization of these decision-making processes has remained unclear.In this study,event-related potentials(ERPs)were measured in the telencephalon,diencephalon,and mesencephalon of the music frog Nidirana daunchina.These ERPs were elicited by calls from 1 group of heterospecifics(recorded from a sympatric anuran species)and 2 groups of conspecifics that differed in their fundamental frequencies.In terms of the polarity and position within the ERP waveform,auditory ERPs generally consist of 4 main components that link to selective attention(N1),stimulus evaluation(P2),identification(N2),and classification(P3).These occur around 100,200,250,and 300 ms after stimulus onset,respectively.Our results show that the N1 amplitudes differed significantly between the heterospecific and conspecific calls,but not between the 2 groups of conspecific calls that differed in fundamental frequency.On the other hand,the N2 amplitudes were significantly different between the 2 groups of conspecific calls,suggesting that the music frogs discriminated the species first,followed by individual identification,since N1 and N2 relate to selective attention and stimuli identification,respectively.Moreover,the P2 amplitudes evoked in females were significantly greater than those in males,indicating the existence of sexual dimorphism in auditory discrimination.In addition,both the N1 amplitudes in the left diencephalon and the P2 amplitudes in the left telencephalon were greater than in other brain areas,suggesting left hemispheric dominance in auditory perception.Taken together,our results support the hypothesis that species discrimination and identification of individual characteristics are accomplished sequentially,and that auditory perception exhibits differences between sexes and in spatial dominance.
基金the support of this research by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1502401)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22179034,21771059,21631004)Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.YQ2019B007)。
文摘Fe-N-C structures have been considered as a candidate to replace noble metal catalysts towards oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)due to their excellent electrocatalytic activity and durability.Herein,a zincmediated synthesis strategy is proposed for N-doped graphitic porous carbon encapsulated uniform dispersed Fe_(3)C nanoparticles coupled with atomically dispersed Fe-Nxmoieties(NPC/Fe-N-C)derived from biomass coconut shell.The introduction of zinc species could be conductive to the dispersion of iron species and formation of porous structures.Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the N-doped carbon coating structures can weaken the oxygen intermediates adsorption energy barrier of Fe_(3)C.Beside,the graphitic carbon could promote the electron transfer during the electrochemical reaction.These special structures enable NPC/Fe-N-C to have excellent ORR activity with an Eonsetof 1.0 V,which is much better than Pt/C.Furthermore,the zinc-air battery assembled by pairing NPC/Fe-N-C with a high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction(OER)catalyst can continuously and stably operate a chargedischarge potential gap of 0.8 V at 10 m A/cm^(2)for more than 600 h.More importantly,the assembled batteries could drive overall water splitting device,realizing the effective energy conversion.
