TIL20: A review of island biogeography and habitat fragmentation studies on subtropical reservoir islands of Thousand Island Lake, China

Reservoir islands formed by dam construction have the same history,clear boundaries,and large numbers that provide a natural platform for testing theories in ecology and biogeography.In this paper,we review studies of multiple zoological taxa on reservoir islands of a large lake in eastern China(Thousand Island Lake).This lake,created in 1959,has 1078 artificial land-bridge islands of varying areas and isolation.Our review summarizes the decades-long studies in island biogeography and habitat fragmentation from this island system,grouped into three topics:species richness(“how many species are there”),community structure(“who are they”),and species interaction(“how they interact with each other”).Our findings support the predictions of the Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography and extend this theory to predict community structure of island faunas by moving beyond assumptions of species equivalency.In addition,the extensive studies on ecological networks,including mutualistic,antagonistic,and parasitic interactions,reveal the negative impacts of habitat loss on the maintenance of such networks,even as increasing forest edge enhances the robustness of pollination networks.At the end of this review,we proposed several future research directions based on current studies that are simultaneously at the frontier of ecology and biogeography.

An efficient strategy for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide production over oxygen-enriched graphitic carbon nitride with sodium phosphate

Photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))production is a promising strategy to replace the traditional production processes;however,the inefficient H_(2)O_(2) productivity limits its application.In this study,oxygen-rich g-C_(3)N_(4) with abundant nitrogen vacancies(OCN)was synthesized for photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2) production.X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that oxygen-containing functional groups(–COOH and C–O–C)were obtained.Electron paramagnetic resonance confirmed the successful introduction of nitrogen vacancies.OCN exhibited efficient photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2) production performance of 1965μmol L^(−1) h^(−1) in air under visible-light irradiation.The high H_(2)O_(2) production was attributed to the enhanced adsorption of oxygen,enlarged specific surface area,and promoted carrier separation.An increased H_(2)O_(2) production rate(5781μmol L^(−1) h^(−1))was achieved in a Na_(3)PO_(4) solution.The improved performance was attributed to the changed reactive oxygen species.Specifically,the adsorbed PO_(4)^(3−) on the surface of the OCN promoted the transfer of holes to the catalyst surface.•O_(2)−obtained by O_(2) reduction reacted with adjacent holes to generate 1O_(2),which could efficiently generate H_(2)O_(2) with isopropanol.Additionally,PO_(4)^(3−),as a stabilizer,inhibited the decomposition of H_(2)O_(2).

Research on the Teaching Reform and Practice of the Food Analysis Course Under the New Situation

With the development of society,the overall development of various industries in our country is unprecedentedly prosperous.However,various damaging industries with the sole goal of profit have emerged,significantly reducing people’s experience in basic needs such as food,clothing,housing,and transportation.Food analysis course is an essential primary subject established by colleges and universities to cultivate food quality and safety talents.In order to further ensure the food safety of society,this article mainly analyzes the teaching reform path of food analysis courses under the new situation.We hope the views in this article can provide guidelines for relevant workers.

Correlates of extinction risk in Chinese endemic birds

Background: China has a relative high degree of endemism of birds due to its large area, diversified topography, and varied climates and habitats. Among the 77 Chinese endemic birds, 29 species are classified as threatened according to the officially released China Biodiversity Red List in 2015. Chinese endemic birds should be the focus of conservation because their local extinction in China means complete global extinction. However, to date, no study has explicitly examined the patterns and processes of extinction and threat in Chinese endemic birds. Methods: We obtained eleven biological traits and four extrinsic factors that are commonly hypothesized to influence extinction risk. After phylogenetic correction, these factors were used separately and in combination to assess their associations with extinction risk. Results: We found that 37.7% of Chinese endemic birds were listed as threatened (Vulnerable, Endangered and Critically Endangered). Small range size, high hunting vulnerability, and high human population density were important predictors of high extinction risk in Chinese endemic birds. Conclusions: Our study is the first to systematically investigate the patterns and processes of extinction risk in Chinese endemic birds. We suggest that endemic species with small range size and living in area with high human densities require conservation priorities. Conservation efforts should also focus on the reduction of human threats, such as human hunting and habitat degradation, for the effective preservation of Chinese endemic birds.

中国鸟类的生活史和生态学特征数据集

中国现有1,445种鸟类,是世界上鸟类物种数最多的国家之一。物种特征反映了生物有机体的功能和适合度,在生态学、进化生物学和保护生物学研究中具有重要作用。但是,目前还没有关于我国鸟类生活史、生态学和地理分布等物种特征的完整数据库。通过系统查阅文献和各种数据资料,本文共收集整理出了中国1,445种鸟类17个功能特征数据:体重、体长、嘴峰长、翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、食性、窝卵数、卵大小、卵体积、巢址、巢的类型、集群状况、迁徙状况、是否特有种、地理分布范围和分布省份等。在这些特征中,除迁徙状况、是否特有种、地理分布范围和分布省份外,其余特征数据均存在不同程度的缺失,数据的完整度为60.83%‒100%。本数据库是目前关于中国鸟类最新和最全的物种特征数据库,期望能为我国鸟类生态学、进化生物学、生物地理学、保护生物学等研究提供支持。

千岛湖陆桥岛屿地表蚂蚁群落物种多样性空间格局及其影响因素

为了探讨千岛湖岛屿景观参数对地表蚂蚁群落物种α和β多样性空间格局的影响,作者分别于2017和2018年的5–8月,采用陷阱法、凋落物分拣法和手捡法调查了千岛湖33个岛屿上的地表蚂蚁群落,并依据食性将其划分为捕食性蚂蚁和杂食性蚂蚁。利用回归模型分析了全部蚂蚁、捕食性蚂蚁和杂食性蚂蚁群落α和β多样性与岛屿景观参数的关系。结果表明,岛屿面积对全部蚂蚁、捕食性蚂蚁和杂食性蚂蚁的物种丰富度均有显著的正向影响,而隔离度则无显著作用。蚂蚁群落的β多样性由空间周转组分主导。岛屿面积差对全部蚂蚁、捕食性蚂蚁和杂食性蚂蚁群落β多样性的嵌套组分有正向影响,隔离度差只对杂食性蚂蚁的总体β多样性有正向影响。因此,岛屿面积是影响千岛湖地表蚂蚁群落物种丰富度的主要因素,并且岛屿面积通过嵌套组分来影响蚂蚁群落的β多样性,表现出选择性灭绝过程。此外,不同食性蚂蚁可能因为扩散能力的差异对岛屿景观参数产生不同的响应。

催化转化呋喃类生物质制备芳香烃化合物的研究

芳香烃化合物是一类与人类生产生活密切相关的重要有机化工原料。基于石油资源的日益枯竭及其生产过程中带来的环境污染问题,寻找新的合成芳香烃化合物的绿色化学路线成为有机合成领域中的研究热点。呋喃类生物质主要来源于植物系生物质,廉价和分子多样性使其成为合成芳香烃化合物的重要候选原料。通过热催化或低温催化反应,呋喃类生物质与乙烯、丙烯等亲二烯体可进行Diels-Alder环加成和脱水等反应芳构化为芳香烃化合物。以呋喃类生物质为基础的催化反应可高效利用可再生能源,工业应用前景广阔。目前呋喃类生物质催化转化制备芳香烃化合物的研究大部分依赖高温高压的高能耗反应条件,且面临"一锅法"副反应繁杂的问题,例如水解、烷基化、异构化和低聚等。本文综述了基于不同呋喃生物质分子所取得的研究成果和面临的问题,简要介绍Diels-Alder环加成的反应机理,详细讨论催化剂组分、溶剂效应和亲二烯体对反应效率的影响,并对未来基于生物质的芳香烃化合物合成路径进行展望。

铋基金属有机框架的合成与应用

金属有机框架(MOFs)材料因其丰富的拓扑结构和有序的孔洞结构被广泛关注,近年来人们按照其不同的应用前景分别进行了综述。尽管金属中心与有机框架材料的结构及性能有着密切联系,目前针对某种特定中心金属的金属有机框架材料的梳理还较少。金属铋是唯一一种具有较大丰度、低毒性的绿色重金属元素,铋基金属有机框架(Bi-MOFs)也因此在MOFs中脱颖而出,并具有广泛的应用。由于铋盐易水解的特性,在水相中合成铋基金属有机框架材料一直是一个挑战,所以对于Bi-MOFs的开发仍然处于开始阶段。本文介绍了近年来有关Bi-MOFs常用的合成配体以及一般的合成方法,综述了Bi-MOFs在光、电催化等领域的研究进展及其在药物载体、气体吸附剂及电极材料方面的应用概况。对存在的问题进行总结并提出可能的解决方法,对未来研究和应用提出展望,以推动Bi-MOFs材料的进一步研究与运用。

Rodent abundance triggered switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent-seed system of the subtropical island forest

Density-dependent non-monotonic species interactions are important in maintaining ecosystem stability and function,but empirical evidences are still rare.Rodents,as both seed dispersers and seed predators,have dual effects on plant regeneration and may result in non-monotonic rodent-plant interactions.According to the non-monotonic models,the relative positive or negative effects of rodents on seedling establishment can be measured based on the positive or negative association of seedling recruitment rate and rodent abundance.In this study,we investigated the fates of acorns of Quercus serrata by tracking tagged seeds on 21 fragmented subtropical islands in the Thousand Island Lake,China.We found that the proportion of germinated seeds of all released seeds showed a dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed.The proportion of removed seeds and cached seeds showed a saturated-and a weak dome-shaped association with rodent abundance per seed,respectively.Our results demonstrated a clear empirical evidence that rodent abundance per seed triggered a switch between the relative mutualism and predation in a rodent-seed system.Our study implied that the observed non-monotonic interactions between plants and animals may play a significant role in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem function.We appeal for more investigations of the complex non-monotonic interactions in various ecosystems.