Tunable Floating Resistor Based on Current Inverting Differential Input Transconductance Amplifier

This paper presents a floating resistor employing CIDITA (current inverting differential input transconductance amplifier). The proposed floating resistor is based on CMOS technology of 0.18 μm. For the realization of this floating inductor, two CIDITA have been cascaded together, no other passive elements are used, giving advantage of reduced chip area and hence reduced losses. The given circuit topology has an advantage of realizing both positive and negative resistors. This paper presents a simple circuitry of floating resistor in which the value of resistance can be tuned by adjusting the gate voltage of MOSFET. The PSpice simulation result shows constant resistance of 1.6 K<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ω for frequency bandwidth of 1 Hz to 1 MHz, with supply voltage of ±1.25 volts.

Universal Current-Mode Biquad Filter Using a VDTA

This paper presents a new current-mode single input multi output (SIMO) type biquad employing one voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA), two grounded capacitors and a single grounded resistor. The configuration realizes all basic filter functions (i.e. Low Pass (LP), High Pass (HP), Band Pass (BP), Notch (BR) and All Pass (AP)). The natural frequency (ω0) and bandwidth (BW) are independently tunable. The workability of proposed configuration has been verified using SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.

Voltage-Mode Universal Biquad Filter Employing Single Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier

A new multi function voltage-mode universal biquadratic filter using single Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier (VD-DIBA), two capacitors and one resistor is proposed. The proposed configuration has four inputs and one output and can realize all the five standard filters from the same circuit configuration. The presented biquad filter offers low active and passive sensitivities. The validity of proposed universal biquadratic filter has been verified by SPICE simulation using 0.35 μm MIETEC technology.

Electronically Controllable Fully-Uncoupled Explicit Current-Mode Quadrature Oscillator Using VDTAs and Grounded Capacitors

An electronically controllable fully uncoupled explicit current-mode quadrature oscillator employing Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTAs) as active elements has been presented. The proposed configuration employs two VDTAs along with grounded capacitors and offers the following advantageous features 1) fully and electronically independent control of condition of oscillation (CO) and frequency of oscillation (FO);2) explicit current-mode quadrature oscillations;and 3) low active and passive sensitivities. The workability of proposed configuration has been demonstrated by PSPICE simulations with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.

Electronically-Controllable Grounded-Capacitor-Based Grounded and Floating Inductance Simulated Circuits Using VD-DIBAs

New Voltage Differencing Differential Input Buffered Amplifier (VD-DIBA) based lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed. The proposed grounded simulated inductance circuit employs a single VD-DIBA, one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor. The floating simulated inductance (FI) circuits employ two VD-DIBAs with two passive components (one floating resistance and one grounded capacitor). The circuit for grounded inductance does not require any realization conditions where as in case of floating inductance circuits, a single matching condition is needed. Simulation results demonstrating the applications of the new simulated inductors using CMOS VD-DIBAs have been included to confirm the workability of the new circuits.

Grounded and Floating Inductance Simulation Circuits Using VDTAs

New electronically-controllable lossless grounded and floating inductance simulation circuits have been proposed employing Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTA). The proposed grounded inductance (GI) circuit employs a single VDTA and one grounded capacitor whereas the floating inductance (FI) circuit employs two VDTAs and one grounded capacitor. The workability of the new circuits has been verified using SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.

Fully Uncoupled Electronically Controllable Sinusoidal Oscillator Employing VD-DIBAs

Recently, voltage differencing-differential input buffered amplifiers (VD-DIBA)-based electronically controllable sinusoidal oscillator has been presented that it does not have the capability of complete independence of frequency of oscillation (FO) and condition of oscillation (CO) as well as electronic control of both CO and FO. In this article, a new fully-uncoupled electronically controllable sinusoidal oscillator using two VD-DIBAs, two grounded capacitors and two resistors has been proposed which offers important advantages such as 1) totally uncoupled and electronically controlled condition of oscillation (CO) and frequency of oscillation (FO);2) low active and passive sensitivities;and 3) a very good frequency stability factor. The effects of non-idealities of the VD-DIBAs on the proposed oscillator are also investigated. The validity of the proposed formulation has been confirmed by SPICE simulation with TSMC 0.18 μm process parameters.

Performance Analysis of ASK and PSK Modulation Based FSO System Using Coupler-Based Delay Line Filter under Various Weather Conditions

Free space optical communication (FSO) proves to be very effective and efficient technology for wireless communication. This work basically deals with the designing of FSO systems. Further, a comparative study has been made to ascertain which modulation technique proves better for communication. This paper investigates the performance of ASK and PSK modulation based FSO system by varying different FSO parameters under several conditions including haze, rain, mist and fog. Finally, simulation results are analysed and discussed.

New Current Mode Lossy Integrator Employing CDDITA

This work presents a novel current-mode (CM) lossless integrator that uses one current differencing differential input transconductance amplifier (CDDITA) and one grounded capacitor. The configuration based on single active element has several advantages from the aspect of monolithic integration, few are: reduced power consumption, chip miniaturization. Employment of grounded capacitor is also beneficial for monolithic integration. Specifying some of the key features of integrator proposed are: 1) purely resistorless, 2) electronically tunable, 3) current output available at the port having high impedance, and 4) excellent performance under non-ideal conditions. So, a resister-less current mode lossy integrator with electronic control employing single CDDITA has been proposed in this paper. The verification of workability of the proposed current mode integrator is well explained by the help of SPICE simulations using TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm technology node.

Single VDVTA-Based Voltage-Mode Biquad Filter

In this paper, an application of voltage differencing voltage transconductance amplifier (VDVTA) in the realization of voltage-mode (VM) multi-input single output (MISO) type biquad is presented. The proposed topology uses one VDVTA as an active element, two capacitors and a grounded resistor. The configuration realizes low pass (LP), high pass (HP), band pass (BP) and notch (BR) filters without the requirement of any matching condition. The natural frequency (w0) and bandwidth (BW) are independently controllable. The proposed circuit offers low active and passive sensitivities of w0. The operation of the proposed circuit has been verified through SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.

CM-Biquad Filter Using Single DO-VDBA

In this manuscript we present a current mode biquad using one dual output-voltage differencing buffered amplifier (DO-VDBA) and four passive components (2 grounded capacitors and 2 resistors). The proposed circuit offers very low active and passive sensitivity. The filter presented here is electronically tunable, frequency of oscillation (FO) can be tuned by controlling transconductance (gm) by varying the bias current (IB) of the circuit. The workability of proposed circuit is tested using PSPICE with 180 nm TSMC CMOS process parameters.

Digitally Programmable Voltage Mode Universal Filters—A Minimal Realization

Three voltage mode universal filter biquads using digitally programmable second generation current conveyor (CCII) are presented in this paper. Salient features of proposed filter configurations include realization of all the filter functions except allpass, independently programmable filter parameters, no component matching constraint and low sensitivity figure. Component count of proposed filter configurations is proved to be minimal for offering aforementioned set of features. Workability of proposed circuit is verified by including the SPICE simulations.

VDTA-Based Wave Active Filter

In this paper we present a wave active filter based on Voltage Differencing Transconductance Amplifiers (VDTAs). The synthesis of active filters basically based on processing of wave quantities. The wave method is presented for basic building blocks of active filters i.e. a series inductor and parallel capacitor through which realization of various active circuits is made by appropriate connections. The proposed wave active filter is verified by realizing a 4th order low pass Butterworth filter using SPICE simulation with 0.18 μm TSMC CMOS technology parameters.

CDDITA-Based Voltage-Mode First Order All Pass Filter Configuration

This realization of a voltage-mode first order voltage-mode all pass filter (VM-APF) employing single current differencing differential input transconductance amplifier (CDDITA) as active component is presented. The proposed configuration employs one CDDITA along with two resistors and one grounded capacitor. The pole frequency and phase shift of proposed VM-APF are electronically tunable by transconductance of CDDITA. The proposed circuit is verified by SPICE simulations.

Pre-Processing Images of Public Signage for OCR Conversion

In this paper, we propose a novel method to enhance the OCR (Optical Character Recognition) readability of public signboards captured by smart-phone cameras—both outdoors and indoors, and subject to various lighting conditions. A distinct feature of our technique is the detection of these signs in the HSV (Hue, Saturation and Value) color space, done in order to filter out the signboard from the background, and correctly interpret the textual details of each signboard. This is then binarized using a thresholding technique that is optimized for text printed on contrasting backgrounds, and passed through the Tesseract engine to detect individual characters. We test out our technique on a dataset of over 200 images taken in and around the campus of our college, and are successful in attaining better OCR results in comparison to traditional methods. Further, we suggest the utilization of a method to automatically assign ROIs (Regions Of Interest) to detected signboards, for better recognition of textual information.

New Electronically-Controllable Lossless Synthetic Floating Inductance Circuit Using Single VDCC

A new electronically-controllable lossless floating inductance (FI) circuit (without any matching condition) has been presented, which employs only one Voltage Differencing Current Conveyor (VDCC), one grounded capacitor and one grounded resistor. The main aim of the paper is to present a new floating inductance simulator using single active device with minimum passive components. The proposed floating inductance simulator can be electronically controllable by changing the bias current. The workability of the new presented FI circuit has been verified using SPICE simulation with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters.

Low voltage floating gate MOSFET based current differencing transconductance amplifier and its applications

This article presents a low voltage low power configuration of current differencing transconductance amplifier（CDTA）based on floating gate MOSFET.The proposed CDTA variant operates at lower supply voltage±1.4 V with total static power dissipation of 2.60 mW due to the low voltage feature of floating gate MOSFET.High transconductance up to 6.21 mA/V is achieved with extended linear range of the circuit i.e.±130μA.Two applications are illustrated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed active block.A quadrature oscillator is realized using FGMOS based CDTA,two capacitors,and a resistor.The resistor is implemented using two NMOSFETs to provide high linearity and tunablility.Another application is the Schmitt trigger circuit based on the proposed CDTA variant.All circuits are simulated by using SPICE and TSMC 130 nm technology.