This paper described a comprehensive assessment of the pyrolysis process of 1 kg Desmodesmus sp.cultivated in BG11 medium at the optimum temperature by using life cycle assessment method.This assessment took 1 kg of D...This paper described a comprehensive assessment of the pyrolysis process of 1 kg Desmodesmus sp.cultivated in BG11 medium at the optimum temperature by using life cycle assessment method.This assessment took 1 kg of Desmodesmus sp.as a functional unit,and chose energy efficiency analysis and potential environmental impact as assessment indices.The results showed that the energy conversion efficiency index of the pyrolysis process was above 1,which meant the pyrolysis process was beneficial.The primary impact of the pyrolysis process on the environment was eutrophication;which followed by photochemical ozone synthesis and acidification;and global warming impact was the last.The overall environmental impact during the whole life cycle was 1347.63 mPET2000.展开更多
In order to isolate a well-tolerated microalgae strain and study its capability of wastewater treatment,a newly microalgae strain was isolated and identified from fresh water.The phylogenetic analysis indicates that t...In order to isolate a well-tolerated microalgae strain and study its capability of wastewater treatment,a newly microalgae strain was isolated and identified from fresh water.The phylogenetic analysis indicates that this strain has a close relationship with Desmodesmus sp.,named as EJ 9-2.The effects of temperature,pH value and NaCl concentration on growth of Desmondesmus sp.were investigated;the capability of nutrient removal from alkaline wastewater was also observed.Desmodesmus sp.EJ 9-2 had a wide pH adaptation range(3-12)and could remove nitrogen,phosphorus and COD which might substantially decrease the cost of biofuel production.The research can provide evidence for outdoor large-scale cultivation of microalgae.展开更多
Fast pyrolysis is one of the most promising methods to convert lignin into fuels and chemicals.In the present study,pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS)was used to evaluate vapor phase product dist...Fast pyrolysis is one of the most promising methods to convert lignin into fuels and chemicals.In the present study,pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS)was used to evaluate vapor phase product distribution of lignin fast pyrolysis.During the non-catalytic pyrolysis process,lignin was pyrolyzed at 400℃,500℃ and 600℃ respectively,finding that the highest yield of aromatic hydrocarbons was obtained at 600℃.Catalytic pyrolysis experiments were also conducted to investigate the effects of catalyst pore structure and acidity on the product distributions.Five different catalysts(HZSM-5,MCM-41,TiO_(2),ZrO_(2) and Mg(Al)O)were applied to lignin catalytic pyrolysis,and the catalytic performance was estimated by analyzing the pyrolytic products.The catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction(XRD),BET,and NH3(CO_(2))temperature programmed desorption.Based on these characterizations,discussion was carried out to explain the formation of the produc distributions.Among the five catalysts,HZSM-5 exhibited the best performance on the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons.展开更多
For a Chinese dairy farm with 2200 milking cows,the annual manure production and manure nutrients(nitrogen and phosphorus)were estimated.Gaseous nitrogen losses from cattle housing with scraped solid floors were based...For a Chinese dairy farm with 2200 milking cows,the annual manure production and manure nutrients(nitrogen and phosphorus)were estimated.Gaseous nitrogen losses from cattle housing with scraped solid floors were based on on-farm measurements.Based on experiences from the Netherlands,nutrient levels in the solid and liquid fractions after slurry separation were estimated.On the basis of assumptions for nutrient losses during covered lagoon storage and land application of the liquid fraction,nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization rates were calculated for the 67 hm^(2)of agricultural land that receive the liquid fraction by gravity irrigation.The results show that the application rates of nitrogen and phosphorous significantly exceed the crop needs,which will probably result in losses to soil and water.In order to aim for a balance between nutrient application and crop needs and,as such,reduce environmental harm,the authors recommend to establish application standards for nitrogen and phosphorous on arable land in China and to formulate farm-specific Nutrient Management Plans.展开更多
Indoor air pollution is ranked the 5th in the Global Burden of Disease index of the World Health Organization(WHO).Almost half of the world’s population depends on biomass fuels to meet their basic energy requirement...Indoor air pollution is ranked the 5th in the Global Burden of Disease index of the World Health Organization(WHO).Almost half of the world’s population depends on biomass fuels to meet their basic energy requirements for cooking,lighting and space heating.When fuel is badly combusted in poorly designed stoves,the fuel-stove combination results in high level of noxious emissions entering the home,accumulating to dangerous levels.In this study,a Chinese unvented top lit updraft(TLUD)biomass stove was operated with three different biomass pellets formed from corn stover,cotton stalk and peanut shells.The performance tests were conducted according to the latest standard from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.The calorific value,moisture level,volatile matter and elemental composition are reported for each.The thermal efficiencies of the stove were 15.3%,10.1%and 14.4%,respectively.The cooking powers were 2.68 kW,1.61 kW and 1.57 kW.The exhaust was collected using a hood and tunnel.The CO,NO and NOX were drawn after passing 1.5 m along the tunnel and the Particulate Matter(PM)was sampled after 1.6 m.The Emission Factors(EF)for CO,NO,NOX and PM_(10) are reported on both a mass per unit energy delivered to the pot(g/MJ_(NET))and a mass per mass of fuel basis(g/kg).The range for CO was 4.56-7.61 g/MJ_(NET)(11.25-21.25 g/kg);NO was 0.75-1.23 g/MJ_(NET)(2.09-3.04 g/kg);NO_(x) was 1.13-1.90 g/MJ_(NET)(3.14-4.86 g/kg);PM_(10) was 0.59-0.85 g/MJ_(NET)(1.67-2.09 g/kg).The range in these values was more significantly influenced by the fuel moisture content and the percentage of volatile matter than by variations in the elemental composition.展开更多
The dairy industry in China is rapidly developing,particularly in terms of the upscaling of dairy farms.However,nutrient-rich manure brings challenges to the sustainability of the dairy industry.This study investigate...The dairy industry in China is rapidly developing,particularly in terms of the upscaling of dairy farms.However,nutrient-rich manure brings challenges to the sustainability of the dairy industry.This study investigated and reviewed the patterns of dairy manure management in China,and the results indicate that dairy manure could be used as an organic fertilizer because of its high organic nutrient content and low metal content.However,legislation prohibits the application of untreated(raw)dairy manure.An existing technology for handling animal slurry is the separation into a liquid and a solid manure fraction.The solid fraction can be used as compost and bedding materials,and it has limited environmental risk.However,the emissions from the storage of liquid manure need further attention.The cycle of manure production,collection,transportation,separation and storage can only be closed if the nutrients are eventually applied to grass and arable land according to crop needs.Therefore,distribution of knowledge on nutrient levels,crop needs and nutrient management plans,supported by legislation on maximum application standards,is needed.In this way,an environmentally friendly development of dairy manure management might be possible.展开更多
Inventory analysis of greenhouse gas emission for large-scale biogas plants using carbon footprint method still needs to be improved.Based on the life cycle theory,the application of carbon footprint on four large-sca...Inventory analysis of greenhouse gas emission for large-scale biogas plants using carbon footprint method still needs to be improved.Based on the life cycle theory,the application of carbon footprint on four large-scale biogas plants was analyzed in this paper,which comprehensively considered project progresses of civil engineering construction,operation and comprehensive utilization of residues and slurry.Also the greenhouse gas emissions during the construction and waste removal stages were analyzed and estimated.The carbon footprint of those plants was analyzed in different types and scales.The results showed that the larger scale plant will produce relatively lower carbon footprint.The greenhouse gas emission of energy production,utilization during the period of anaerobic digestion accounted for more than 96%of the entire life cycle emission.The proportion of greenhouse gas emissions on equipment,demolition recycling and transportation phases was smaller,which was less than 1.5%and should be simplified in calculation.The greenhouse gas emission of building materials production can be ignored.展开更多
基金This investigation was financially supported by“The Twelfth Five-Year Plan”for Science&Technology Supporting Project(Grant No.2012BAD47B03,Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology)Beijing Municipal Key Discipline of Biomass Engineering.
文摘This paper described a comprehensive assessment of the pyrolysis process of 1 kg Desmodesmus sp.cultivated in BG11 medium at the optimum temperature by using life cycle assessment method.This assessment took 1 kg of Desmodesmus sp.as a functional unit,and chose energy efficiency analysis and potential environmental impact as assessment indices.The results showed that the energy conversion efficiency index of the pyrolysis process was above 1,which meant the pyrolysis process was beneficial.The primary impact of the pyrolysis process on the environment was eutrophication;which followed by photochemical ozone synthesis and acidification;and global warming impact was the last.The overall environmental impact during the whole life cycle was 1347.63 mPET2000.
基金This investigation was financially supported by“The Twelfth Five-Year Plan”for Science&Technology Supporting Project(Grant No.2012BAD47B03,Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology)Beijing Municipal Key Discipline of Biomass Engineering.
文摘In order to isolate a well-tolerated microalgae strain and study its capability of wastewater treatment,a newly microalgae strain was isolated and identified from fresh water.The phylogenetic analysis indicates that this strain has a close relationship with Desmodesmus sp.,named as EJ 9-2.The effects of temperature,pH value and NaCl concentration on growth of Desmondesmus sp.were investigated;the capability of nutrient removal from alkaline wastewater was also observed.Desmodesmus sp.EJ 9-2 had a wide pH adaptation range(3-12)and could remove nitrogen,phosphorus and COD which might substantially decrease the cost of biofuel production.The research can provide evidence for outdoor large-scale cultivation of microalgae.
基金supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China(51536009)NSFC(Natural Science Foundation of China)project(51476175)+1 种基金National Basic Research Program of China(2013CB228105)Chinese Academy of Sciences“one hundred talented plan”,and Beijing Municipal Key Discipline of Biomass Engineering.
文摘Fast pyrolysis is one of the most promising methods to convert lignin into fuels and chemicals.In the present study,pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(Py-GC/MS)was used to evaluate vapor phase product distribution of lignin fast pyrolysis.During the non-catalytic pyrolysis process,lignin was pyrolyzed at 400℃,500℃ and 600℃ respectively,finding that the highest yield of aromatic hydrocarbons was obtained at 600℃.Catalytic pyrolysis experiments were also conducted to investigate the effects of catalyst pore structure and acidity on the product distributions.Five different catalysts(HZSM-5,MCM-41,TiO_(2),ZrO_(2) and Mg(Al)O)were applied to lignin catalytic pyrolysis,and the catalytic performance was estimated by analyzing the pyrolytic products.The catalysts were characterized by using X-ray diffraction(XRD),BET,and NH3(CO_(2))temperature programmed desorption.Based on these characterizations,discussion was carried out to explain the formation of the produc distributions.Among the five catalysts,HZSM-5 exhibited the best performance on the formation of aromatic hydrocarbons.
基金supported by the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands through the TKI AF14247 Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Center(SDDDC)program(BO-27.04-001-014)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project(D151100005115001).
文摘For a Chinese dairy farm with 2200 milking cows,the annual manure production and manure nutrients(nitrogen and phosphorus)were estimated.Gaseous nitrogen losses from cattle housing with scraped solid floors were based on on-farm measurements.Based on experiences from the Netherlands,nutrient levels in the solid and liquid fractions after slurry separation were estimated.On the basis of assumptions for nutrient losses during covered lagoon storage and land application of the liquid fraction,nitrogen and phosphorous fertilization rates were calculated for the 67 hm^(2)of agricultural land that receive the liquid fraction by gravity irrigation.The results show that the application rates of nitrogen and phosphorous significantly exceed the crop needs,which will probably result in losses to soil and water.In order to aim for a balance between nutrient application and crop needs and,as such,reduce environmental harm,the authors recommend to establish application standards for nitrogen and phosphorous on arable land in China and to formulate farm-specific Nutrient Management Plans.
基金the Key Laboratory of Clean Production and Utilization of Renewable Energy,Ministry of Agriculture,P.R.Chinaand National Center for International Research of BioEnergy Science and Technology,Ministry of Science and Technology,P.R.China.This study was supported by the joint projects of China and South Africa“Development of Scientifically Robust and Culturally Appropriate Metrics and Protocols for Evaluating Clean(Combustion)Cookstoves”(Grant No.201404810710566)+3 种基金the grant from the World Bank Group for“Support Clean Stove Measure under Hebei Pollution Prevention and Control”support from Rural Energy and Environmental Agency,Ministry of Agriculture,ChinaSouth-South Sustainable Stove Groupand Beijing Municipal Key Discipline of Biomass Engineering。
文摘Indoor air pollution is ranked the 5th in the Global Burden of Disease index of the World Health Organization(WHO).Almost half of the world’s population depends on biomass fuels to meet their basic energy requirements for cooking,lighting and space heating.When fuel is badly combusted in poorly designed stoves,the fuel-stove combination results in high level of noxious emissions entering the home,accumulating to dangerous levels.In this study,a Chinese unvented top lit updraft(TLUD)biomass stove was operated with three different biomass pellets formed from corn stover,cotton stalk and peanut shells.The performance tests were conducted according to the latest standard from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.The calorific value,moisture level,volatile matter and elemental composition are reported for each.The thermal efficiencies of the stove were 15.3%,10.1%and 14.4%,respectively.The cooking powers were 2.68 kW,1.61 kW and 1.57 kW.The exhaust was collected using a hood and tunnel.The CO,NO and NOX were drawn after passing 1.5 m along the tunnel and the Particulate Matter(PM)was sampled after 1.6 m.The Emission Factors(EF)for CO,NO,NOX and PM_(10) are reported on both a mass per unit energy delivered to the pot(g/MJ_(NET))and a mass per mass of fuel basis(g/kg).The range for CO was 4.56-7.61 g/MJ_(NET)(11.25-21.25 g/kg);NO was 0.75-1.23 g/MJ_(NET)(2.09-3.04 g/kg);NO_(x) was 1.13-1.90 g/MJ_(NET)(3.14-4.86 g/kg);PM_(10) was 0.59-0.85 g/MJ_(NET)(1.67-2.09 g/kg).The range in these values was more significantly influenced by the fuel moisture content and the percentage of volatile matter than by variations in the elemental composition.
基金The Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan Projects(D151100005115001,Z151100001115010,D161100006016003)Sino-Dutch Dairy Development Center project(2015-R2&2016-R2).
文摘The dairy industry in China is rapidly developing,particularly in terms of the upscaling of dairy farms.However,nutrient-rich manure brings challenges to the sustainability of the dairy industry.This study investigated and reviewed the patterns of dairy manure management in China,and the results indicate that dairy manure could be used as an organic fertilizer because of its high organic nutrient content and low metal content.However,legislation prohibits the application of untreated(raw)dairy manure.An existing technology for handling animal slurry is the separation into a liquid and a solid manure fraction.The solid fraction can be used as compost and bedding materials,and it has limited environmental risk.However,the emissions from the storage of liquid manure need further attention.The cycle of manure production,collection,transportation,separation and storage can only be closed if the nutrients are eventually applied to grass and arable land according to crop needs.Therefore,distribution of knowledge on nutrient levels,crop needs and nutrient management plans,supported by legislation on maximum application standards,is needed.In this way,an environmentally friendly development of dairy manure management might be possible.
基金China National‘The Twelfth Five-Year Plan’for Science&Technology Supporting Project(Grant No.2012BAD47B03)Key Project for Agriculture Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2014GB2A400088,“Technical Transformation and Demonstration Project of High Efficiency Anaerobic Biogas Production in Breeding Farm of Dry Dejecta Collection Mode”)and Beijing Municipal Key Discipline of Biomass Engineering.
文摘Inventory analysis of greenhouse gas emission for large-scale biogas plants using carbon footprint method still needs to be improved.Based on the life cycle theory,the application of carbon footprint on four large-scale biogas plants was analyzed in this paper,which comprehensively considered project progresses of civil engineering construction,operation and comprehensive utilization of residues and slurry.Also the greenhouse gas emissions during the construction and waste removal stages were analyzed and estimated.The carbon footprint of those plants was analyzed in different types and scales.The results showed that the larger scale plant will produce relatively lower carbon footprint.The greenhouse gas emission of energy production,utilization during the period of anaerobic digestion accounted for more than 96%of the entire life cycle emission.The proportion of greenhouse gas emissions on equipment,demolition recycling and transportation phases was smaller,which was less than 1.5%and should be simplified in calculation.The greenhouse gas emission of building materials production can be ignored.
