Selenium nanoparticles reduce oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis in ascites syndrome in broiler chickens via the ATF6-DR5 signaling pathway

Broiler ascites syndrome(AS)is one of the main diseases threatening the health of broilers.It is well documented that myocardial hypertrophy and failure is one of the key mechanisms of broiler ascites syndrome.Therefore,prevention of cardiac hypertrophy and failure would be one goal to reduce broiler ascites syndrome incidence.Myocardial hyper-trophy and failure are closely related to endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)in cardiac myocytes,and the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling system(ATF6-DR5)is one of the important pathways of myocardial apoptosis.Excessive hyper-trophy will affect the heart muscle's normal contraction and diastole function,and the heart will turn from compen-sated to decompensate thus causing myocardial injury.Myocardial apoptosis is a core component of the pathological changes of this myocardial injury.Nano-selenium is a kind of red elemental selenium nanoparticle.Due to its excellent physical,chemical and biological properties,it has attracted extensive academic attention in recent years.It has been proven to have excellent antioxidant,antibacterial,antitumor,antihypertrophic,and antiapoptotic abilties.Herein,nano-selenium(1μmol/L)can inhibit hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))-induced oxidative stress in broiler primary cardiomyocytes,and at the same time reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis.In vivo,nano-selenium can reduce broiler myocardial injury-related enzyme indicators(AST,CK and LDH),and alleviate myocardial injury.It can also activate the antioxidant enzyme system(SOD,GSH-Px and CAT)and reduce MDA,and make the recovery ofT-AOC ability in the organization.Meanwhile,nano-selenium can down-regulate the genes and proteins expression of ATF-6,GRP-78,CHOP and caspase 12 in the ERS-related signaling pathway,and inhibit that of downstream-related caspase 3,Bax and caspase 9,and increase that of the downstream anti-apoptotic Bcl-2,thereby maintaining the homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum and alleviating cardiomyocyte apoptosis.It can be seen that nano-selenium can protect the damaged myocardium in the broiler ascites caused by high-salt drinking by regulating the ATF6-DR5 signaling pathway.This study was performed in chickens and cardiomyocyte cells and attempted to demonstrate that selenium nanoparticles can protect the damaged myocar-dium in broiler ascites.This paper provides a new idea for preventing and treating broiler ascites syndrome.

The dopamine receptor D4 regulates the proliferation of pulmonary arteries smooth muscle in broilers by downregulating AT1R

The major cause of pulmonary vascular remodeling in broilers is abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs),and one of the main causes of pulmonary hypertension syndrome(PHS)in broilers is pulmonary artery vascular remodeling.Forty Arbor Acres(AA)broilers were randomly divided into four groups(n=10):a control group(deionized water,Og/L NaCl),a freshwater group(FW,deionized water+1 g/L NaCl),highly salinized freshwater group 1(H-SFW-1,deionized water+2.5 g/L NaCl)and highly salinized freshwater group 2(H-SFW-2,deionized water+5 g/L NaCl).The results of in vivo experiments showed that vascular smooth muscle of the broilers could be significantly proliferated by intake of high-salinity fresh water(H-SFW-1&H-SFW-2),which significantly increased the content of angiotensin II(Ang II)and the expression of angiotensin II type 1(AT1)receptor protein.Meanwhile,it significantly decreased the expression of dopamine receptor D4(DRD4)protein.The results of in vitro experiments showed that exogenous Ang II induced the proliferation of primary VSMCs in broilers,which could be significantly inhibited by DRD4 agonists(D4A,HY-101384A)and enhanced by DRD4 inhibitors(D4I;HY-B0965).In addition,the results of immunoblotting and fluorescence quantitative PCR showed that AT1 receptors could be negatively regulated by DRD4 in VSMCs of broilers,either at the transcriptional or translational level.At the same time,the expression of AT1 receptor could be increased by DRD4 inhibition by D4I and decreased by DRD4 activation by D4A.The negative regulatory effect of DRD4 on AT1 receptor occurred in a dose-dependent manner.These results indicate that long-term intake of highly salinized fresh water can cause PHS in broilers,accompanied by varying degrees of proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle.This mechanism may involve response of its receptor being induced by increased Ang II,while DRD4 can negatively regulate it.

Alteration of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes complicated with cholelithiasis patients

To the Editor:Type 2 diabetes(T2D)and cholelithiasis are both common diseases with a high,prevalence.In China,the,prevalence of T2D,is.0.90% and that offadult cholelithiasis is 6.83%.