[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the most suitable irrigation integration mode for"Tinglin snow melon"in Jinshan District,Shanghai City.[Methods]With the field water holding capacity as the st...[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the most suitable irrigation integration mode for"Tinglin snow melon"in Jinshan District,Shanghai City.[Methods]With the field water holding capacity as the standard,different upper limits of irrigation were set in the four growth stage of snow melon to investigate the effects of such three water-saving irrigation modes as single-row drip irrigation pipes,double-row drip irrigation pipes and drip arrows on the traits and yield of melon plants under the same growth conditions.[Results]The results showed that different irrigation modes had certain effects on the growth,comprehensive quality and yield of snow melon,and the drop arrow mode was better than other two modes.Under the drop arrow mode,the number of snow melons was the highest,7.34 per plant,and the yield was the highest,reaching 15463.35 kg/hm^(2),showing the best yield increasing effect.In addition,the contents of soluble solids and vitamin C in the drop arrow mode were higher than those in the drip irrigation pipe mode.[Conclusions]Compared with other irrigation methods,the drop arrow mode was more suitable for the production of snow melon.展开更多
Prehistoric projectile weapons are crucial for understanding the hunting behavior,survival strategies,and subsistence patterns of prehistoric humans.Arrowheads were the primary prehistoric projectile weapon,and here w...Prehistoric projectile weapons are crucial for understanding the hunting behavior,survival strategies,and subsistence patterns of prehistoric humans.Arrowheads were the primary prehistoric projectile weapon,and here we review the spatiotemporal distribution and changes in the morphology,quantity,and materials composition of arrowheads in the northern regions of China from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods to the Bronze Age,together with the factors that influenced these changes.The results reveal that primitive stone arrowheads appeared sporadically in the Middle Paleolithic period.Additionally,the“broad spectrum revolution”and microblade technology during the Upper Paleolithic promoted the regional-scale diffusion of broad and thick stone arrowheads in northern China.During the Neolithic period,relatively narrow and thin stone and bone arrowheads spread rapidly across the entire Yellow River Basin and most of northeastern China.The dominance of these two types of arrowheads alternated,during the period of 7000–5000 yr BP,the number of arrowheads peaked,possibly closely related to changes in the role of hunting(fishing and hunting)and gathering in the subsistence economy,human population size,and the emergence and development of a grinding technology.During the Bronze Age,a significant number of bronze arrowheads appeared,and the total number of arrowheads increased again,and their distribution expanded to northwestern China.The emergence of a bronze smelting technology and inter-group conflicts may have been the primary factors influencing this trend.Our results demonstrate that arrowheads were always an essential component of prehistoric tool kits.Due to technological developments in subsistence strategies,the morphology,function,and popularity of arrowheads underwent substantial changes during different periods.Therefore,a comprehensive study of prehistoric arrowheads can help better understand the subsistence patterns and processes of economic and societal development of prehistoric humans.展开更多
The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. g...The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.展开更多
The Tibetan Plateau,the world's "Third Pole",has an average elevation above 4,000 masl (meters above sea level)and an area of over 500×10^4km^2,It is the highest and largest plateau on earth and is ...The Tibetan Plateau,the world's "Third Pole",has an average elevation above 4,000 masl (meters above sea level)and an area of over 500×10^4km^2,It is the highest and largest plateau on earth and is very sensitive to global climate change [1,2].The cold,dry and hypoxic high-altitude environment of the plateau presents a major challenge to human survival.Therefore,the history and mechanisms of prehistoric human history on the Tibetan Plateau-from brief hunting expeditions to seasonal hunting-gathering and finally to permanent settlements-has attracted both general interest and substantial scientific debates [3-6].Archaeological studies indicate that humans probably first explored the plateau at the end of the late Pleistocene.They practiced intensive seasonal hunting-gathering from 15 ka BP [6],and permanently settled regions above 3,000 masl after 3.6 ka BP,which was facilitated by the development of an agropastoral economy [3].However, the early part of the human history of the Tibetan Plateau is still poorly documented,due to the lack of well-preserved archaeological sites and reliable dating results (Fig.la).展开更多
At Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau we report a series of hand and foot impressions that appear to have been intentionally placed on the surface of a unit of soft travertine.The travertine was deposited by water from a ...At Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau we report a series of hand and foot impressions that appear to have been intentionally placed on the surface of a unit of soft travertine.The travertine was deposited by water from a hot spring which is now inactive and as the travertine lithified it preserved the traces.On the basis of the sizes of the hand and foot traces,we suggest that two track-makers were involved and were likely children.We interpret this event as a deliberate artistic act that created a work of parietal art.The travertine unit on which the traces were imprinted dates to between~169 and 226 ka BP.This would make the site the earliest currently known example of parietal art in the world and would also provide the earliest evidence discovered to date for hominins on the High Tibetan Plateau(above 4000 m a.s.l.).This remarkable discovery adds to the body of research that identifies children as some of the earliest artists within the genus Homo.展开更多
The study of prehistoric hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the mechanisms and processes of human adaption to high altitude environments.But to date,only a few...The study of prehistoric hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the mechanisms and processes of human adaption to high altitude environments.But to date,only a few Paleolithic sites have been found on the Tibetan Plateau with clear stratigraphy and reliable dating.These sites are mainly distributed in the Qinghai Lake Basin on the northeastern part of the plateau,and the sporadic fauna and flora remains excavated provide limited information about the subsistence strategies of hunter-gatherers.In 2014,relatively abundant animal remains were unearthed in the Lower Cultural Layer (LCL,15400-13100 cal yr BP) of the"151 site"located in the Qinghai Lake Basin,providing important information about human subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Deglaciation.Zooarchaeological analysis of these faunal remains indicates that hunter-gatherers at the"151 site"mainly targeted large ungulates of Bos and wild horse/ass,and only brought back the most nutritious parts of animal carcasses including upper and intermediate limb bones,heads,and trunks (ribs and vertebrae).People then processed and consumed the carcasses around single hearths.Our comprehensive analyses of contemporaneous sites in the Qinghai Lake Basin show that a subsistence strategy involving opportunistic hunting of ungulates,high mobility,and short occupation of campsites was used by terminal Pleistocene huntergatherers to adapt to the high-altitude environment on the Tibetan Plateau.This subsistence strategy may have been a first step of gradual hunter-gatherer adaptation to the extreme conditions on the Tibetan Plateau after the Last Glacial Maximum,and laid the foundation for the widespread distribution of hunter-gatherers on the plateau during the Holocene.展开更多
As a result of rapid uplift since the late Cenozoic, the Tibetan Plateau eventually developed an enormous area(3.08 million km^(2)) and became the highest elevation plateau on Earth. The cold and hypoxic environments ...As a result of rapid uplift since the late Cenozoic, the Tibetan Plateau eventually developed an enormous area(3.08 million km^(2)) and became the highest elevation plateau on Earth. The cold and hypoxic environments of the Tibetan Plateau,combined with the strong solar radiation receipt and lack of biological resources, present a major challenge to the occupation and expansion of humans.展开更多
The accurate radiocarbon dating of loess-soil sequences plays an essential role in the reconstruction of the environmental and climatic changes in continental settings during the last glaciation and Holocene. However,...The accurate radiocarbon dating of loess-soil sequences plays an essential role in the reconstruction of the environmental and climatic changes in continental settings during the last glaciation and Holocene. However, our knowledge about the reliability of radiocarbon ages of various fractions of soil and loess samples is still insufficient. Here, we present our study results on radio- carbon ages based on bulk organic matter, humin fraction, and carbonate of samples collected from a loess-paleosol section in the western Chinese Loess Plateau. We compare these observations with the optically stimulated luminescence ages and charcoal radiocarbon ages to evaluate the reliability of these fractions. We observed that the radio- carbon ages of humin fraction are very close to those of charcoal and are consistent with the optically stimulated luminescence ages within the experimental errors. We observed a significant deviation in the radiocarbon ages of carbonate and bulk organic matter from those of charcoal and optically stimulated luminescence ages, likely due to the dilution of these fractions during the pedogenetic process. Our results reveal that, except for charcoal, the humin fraction may yield reliable laC ages for the Chinese loess-soil sequence.展开更多
Denisovans,well known for their high-coverage genetic sequences,are considered to be a new human species genetically distinct from Neanderthals and modern humans[1].As a close sister group of Neanderthals,Denisovans n...Denisovans,well known for their high-coverage genetic sequences,are considered to be a new human species genetically distinct from Neanderthals and modern humans[1].As a close sister group of Neanderthals,Denisovans not only interbred w让h Neanderthals[2],but they also contributed genetically to extant humans,including modern populations in parts of Oceania and Asia,aboriginal Americans and high-alt让ude modern Tibetans[3-5].展开更多
DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed to better understand the photosensitizer-free visible-lightmediated Au-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryldiazonium salts and arylboronic acids.Theπ–πtype complex betwee...DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed to better understand the photosensitizer-free visible-lightmediated Au-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryldiazonium salts and arylboronic acids.Theπ–πtype complex between the aryldiazonium salt and the arylboronic acid,rather than either the generally accepted gold(I)–aryldiazonium salt complex or the aryldiazonium salt itself,was shown to play the role of a virtual photoinitiator.The oxidation of Au(I)to Au(III),the key aspect of the dual gold/photoredox catalytic aryl–aryl cross-coupling,occurs via the radical addition of an aryl radical rather than an aryldiazo radical on Au(II)species.The transmetalation of the arylboronic acid to Au(III)species was identified as the rate-determining step,and the presence of a tetrafluoroborate anion can assist this process remarkably.The experimentally observed effect of substituents on the aryldiazonium salt and boronic acid on the reactivity was also rationalized.展开更多
基金Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program,China(Grant No.T20180304)Jinshan District Science and Technology Innovation Fund Project(Grant No.T20200115).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the most suitable irrigation integration mode for"Tinglin snow melon"in Jinshan District,Shanghai City.[Methods]With the field water holding capacity as the standard,different upper limits of irrigation were set in the four growth stage of snow melon to investigate the effects of such three water-saving irrigation modes as single-row drip irrigation pipes,double-row drip irrigation pipes and drip arrows on the traits and yield of melon plants under the same growth conditions.[Results]The results showed that different irrigation modes had certain effects on the growth,comprehensive quality and yield of snow melon,and the drop arrow mode was better than other two modes.Under the drop arrow mode,the number of snow melons was the highest,7.34 per plant,and the yield was the highest,reaching 15463.35 kg/hm^(2),showing the best yield increasing effect.In addition,the contents of soluble solids and vitamin C in the drop arrow mode were higher than those in the drip irrigation pipe mode.[Conclusions]Compared with other irrigation methods,the drop arrow mode was more suitable for the production of snow melon.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(Grant No.2019QZKK0601-02)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.lzujbky-2021-ct03).
文摘Prehistoric projectile weapons are crucial for understanding the hunting behavior,survival strategies,and subsistence patterns of prehistoric humans.Arrowheads were the primary prehistoric projectile weapon,and here we review the spatiotemporal distribution and changes in the morphology,quantity,and materials composition of arrowheads in the northern regions of China from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods to the Bronze Age,together with the factors that influenced these changes.The results reveal that primitive stone arrowheads appeared sporadically in the Middle Paleolithic period.Additionally,the“broad spectrum revolution”and microblade technology during the Upper Paleolithic promoted the regional-scale diffusion of broad and thick stone arrowheads in northern China.During the Neolithic period,relatively narrow and thin stone and bone arrowheads spread rapidly across the entire Yellow River Basin and most of northeastern China.The dominance of these two types of arrowheads alternated,during the period of 7000–5000 yr BP,the number of arrowheads peaked,possibly closely related to changes in the role of hunting(fishing and hunting)and gathering in the subsistence economy,human population size,and the emergence and development of a grinding technology.During the Bronze Age,a significant number of bronze arrowheads appeared,and the total number of arrowheads increased again,and their distribution expanded to northwestern China.The emergence of a bronze smelting technology and inter-group conflicts may have been the primary factors influencing this trend.Our results demonstrate that arrowheads were always an essential component of prehistoric tool kits.Due to technological developments in subsistence strategies,the morphology,function,and popularity of arrowheads underwent substantial changes during different periods.Therefore,a comprehensive study of prehistoric arrowheads can help better understand the subsistence patterns and processes of economic and societal development of prehistoric humans.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41842050)
文摘The natural environment provides material essentials for human survival and development. The characteristics,processes, regional differentiation and forcing mechanisms of the elements of the natural environment(e.g. geomorphology,climate, hydrology, soil, etc.) are the main objects of research in physical geography. China has a complex natural environment and huge regional differentiation and therefore it provides outstanding reserach opportunities in physical geography. This review summarizes the most important developments and the main contributions of research in the physical geography and human living environment in China during the past 70 years. The major topics addressed are the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the evolution of its cryosphere, the development of fluvial systems, the acidification of the vast arid region of the Asian interior, variations in the monsoon and westerly climate systems on multiple timescales, the development of lakes and wetlands, the watershed system model, soil erosion, past human-environment interactions, biogeography, and physical geographic zonality. After briefly introducing international research developments, we review the history of research in physical geography in China, focusing on the major achievements and major academic debates, and finally we summarize the status of current research and the future prospects. We propose that in the context of the national demand for the construction of an ecological civilization, we should make full use of the research findings of physical geography, and determine the patterns and mechanisms of natural environmental processes in order to continue to promote the continued contribution of physical geography to national development strategies, and to further contribute to the theory of physical geography from a global perspective.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41771225 and 41620104007)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2018-146)
文摘The Tibetan Plateau,the world's "Third Pole",has an average elevation above 4,000 masl (meters above sea level)and an area of over 500×10^4km^2,It is the highest and largest plateau on earth and is very sensitive to global climate change [1,2].The cold,dry and hypoxic high-altitude environment of the plateau presents a major challenge to human survival.Therefore,the history and mechanisms of prehistoric human history on the Tibetan Plateau-from brief hunting expeditions to seasonal hunting-gathering and finally to permanent settlements-has attracted both general interest and substantial scientific debates [3-6].Archaeological studies indicate that humans probably first explored the plateau at the end of the late Pleistocene.They practiced intensive seasonal hunting-gathering from 15 ka BP [6],and permanently settled regions above 3,000 masl after 3.6 ka BP,which was facilitated by the development of an agropastoral economy [3].However, the early part of the human history of the Tibetan Plateau is still poorly documented,due to the lack of well-preserved archaeological sites and reliable dating results (Fig.la).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971110 and 41888101)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0601)the Early Career Scheme of Research Grants Council of Hong Kong(28300717)。
文摘At Quesang on the Tibetan Plateau we report a series of hand and foot impressions that appear to have been intentionally placed on the surface of a unit of soft travertine.The travertine was deposited by water from a hot spring which is now inactive and as the travertine lithified it preserved the traces.On the basis of the sizes of the hand and foot traces,we suggest that two track-makers were involved and were likely children.We interpret this event as a deliberate artistic act that created a work of parietal art.The travertine unit on which the traces were imprinted dates to between~169 and 226 ka BP.This would make the site the earliest currently known example of parietal art in the world and would also provide the earliest evidence discovered to date for hominins on the High Tibetan Plateau(above 4000 m a.s.l.).This remarkable discovery adds to the body of research that identifies children as some of the earliest artists within the genus Homo.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41771225 & 41620104007)the Primary Supports for Scientific Research of Lanzhou University (Grant Nos. LZUJBKY-2016-254, LZUJBKY-2016-279 & LZUJBKY-2018-144)China Scholarship Council
文摘The study of prehistoric hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the mechanisms and processes of human adaption to high altitude environments.But to date,only a few Paleolithic sites have been found on the Tibetan Plateau with clear stratigraphy and reliable dating.These sites are mainly distributed in the Qinghai Lake Basin on the northeastern part of the plateau,and the sporadic fauna and flora remains excavated provide limited information about the subsistence strategies of hunter-gatherers.In 2014,relatively abundant animal remains were unearthed in the Lower Cultural Layer (LCL,15400-13100 cal yr BP) of the"151 site"located in the Qinghai Lake Basin,providing important information about human subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Deglaciation.Zooarchaeological analysis of these faunal remains indicates that hunter-gatherers at the"151 site"mainly targeted large ungulates of Bos and wild horse/ass,and only brought back the most nutritious parts of animal carcasses including upper and intermediate limb bones,heads,and trunks (ribs and vertebrae).People then processed and consumed the carcasses around single hearths.Our comprehensive analyses of contemporaneous sites in the Qinghai Lake Basin show that a subsistence strategy involving opportunistic hunting of ungulates,high mobility,and short occupation of campsites was used by terminal Pleistocene huntergatherers to adapt to the high-altitude environment on the Tibetan Plateau.This subsistence strategy may have been a first step of gradual hunter-gatherer adaptation to the extreme conditions on the Tibetan Plateau after the Last Glacial Maximum,and laid the foundation for the widespread distribution of hunter-gatherers on the plateau during the Holocene.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41988101)。
文摘As a result of rapid uplift since the late Cenozoic, the Tibetan Plateau eventually developed an enormous area(3.08 million km^(2)) and became the highest elevation plateau on Earth. The cold and hypoxic environments of the Tibetan Plateau,combined with the strong solar radiation receipt and lack of biological resources, present a major challenge to the occupation and expansion of humans.
基金Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40971056) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. Lzujbky-2010-120). We would like to thank Dr. Loukas Bardon of the University of Chicago and Dr. Yanxia Zhong of the Ningxia University for their assistance during fieldwork. We thank Dr. Saeed Doroudiani and Dr. Shiyong Yu for their critical reading and editing of the manuscript.
文摘The accurate radiocarbon dating of loess-soil sequences plays an essential role in the reconstruction of the environmental and climatic changes in continental settings during the last glaciation and Holocene. However, our knowledge about the reliability of radiocarbon ages of various fractions of soil and loess samples is still insufficient. Here, we present our study results on radio- carbon ages based on bulk organic matter, humin fraction, and carbonate of samples collected from a loess-paleosol section in the western Chinese Loess Plateau. We compare these observations with the optically stimulated luminescence ages and charcoal radiocarbon ages to evaluate the reliability of these fractions. We observed that the radio- carbon ages of humin fraction are very close to those of charcoal and are consistent with the optically stimulated luminescence ages within the experimental errors. We observed a significant deviation in the radiocarbon ages of carbonate and bulk organic matter from those of charcoal and optically stimulated luminescence ages, likely due to the dilution of these fractions during the pedogenetic process. Our results reveal that, except for charcoal, the humin fraction may yield reliable laC ages for the Chinese loess-soil sequence.
基金supported by the National Key Research & Development Program of China (2018YFA0606400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41771225 and 41620104007)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky2016-279)
文摘Denisovans,well known for their high-coverage genetic sequences,are considered to be a new human species genetically distinct from Neanderthals and modern humans[1].As a close sister group of Neanderthals,Denisovans not only interbred w让h Neanderthals[2],but they also contributed genetically to extant humans,including modern populations in parts of Oceania and Asia,aboriginal Americans and high-alt让ude modern Tibetans[3-5].
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21773139 and 21833004).
文摘DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed to better understand the photosensitizer-free visible-lightmediated Au-catalyzed cross-coupling between aryldiazonium salts and arylboronic acids.Theπ–πtype complex between the aryldiazonium salt and the arylboronic acid,rather than either the generally accepted gold(I)–aryldiazonium salt complex or the aryldiazonium salt itself,was shown to play the role of a virtual photoinitiator.The oxidation of Au(I)to Au(III),the key aspect of the dual gold/photoredox catalytic aryl–aryl cross-coupling,occurs via the radical addition of an aryl radical rather than an aryldiazo radical on Au(II)species.The transmetalation of the arylboronic acid to Au(III)species was identified as the rate-determining step,and the presence of a tetrafluoroborate anion can assist this process remarkably.The experimentally observed effect of substituents on the aryldiazonium salt and boronic acid on the reactivity was also rationalized.