Protective mechanism of Coprinus comatus polysaccharide on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice,the metabolomics and gut microbiota investigation

Coprinus comatus polysaccharide(CCP)has significant hepatoprotective effect.To explore hepatoprotective mechanism of CCP,the study analyzed preventive effect of CCP on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice by histopathological examination and biochemical analysis.Simultaneously,hepatoprotective mechanism was also analyzed in conjunction with metabolomics and proliferation of gut microbiota.The results showed that CCP significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and triglyceride(TG)levels in serum of alcoholic liver disease(ALD)mice.Histopathological examination showed that CCP can significantly improve liver damage.Metabolomics results showed that there were significant differences in the level of metabolites in liver tissue of control group,ALD group and CCP group,including taurine,xanthosine,fumaric acid and arachidonic acid,among others.Metabolites pathways analysis showed that hepatoprotective effect of CCP was related to energy metabolism,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,amino acids metabolism and lipid metabolism.Additionally,CCP inhibited an increase in the number of Clostridium perfringens,Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus,and a decrease in the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the gut of ALD mice.All these findings suggested that CCP treatment reversed the phenotype of ethanol-induced liver injury and the associated metabolites pathways.

The role of signaling crosstalk of microglia in hippocampus on progression of ageing and Alzheimer's disease

Based on single-cell sequencing of the hippocampi of 5×familiar Alzheimer's disease(5×FAD)and wild type mice at 2-,12-,and 24-month of age,we found an increased percentage of microglia in aging and Alzheimer's disease(AD)mice.Blood brain barrier injury may also have contributed to this increase.Immune regulation by microglia plays a major role in the progression of aging and AD,according to the functions of 41 intersecting differentially expressed genes in microglia.Signaling crosstalk between C−C motif chemokine ligand(CCL)and major histocompatibility complex-1 bridges intercellular communication in the hippocampus during aging and AD.The amyloid precursor protein(APP)and colony stimulating factor(CSF)signals drive 5×FAD to deviate from aging track to AD occurrence among intercellular communication in hippocampus.Microglia are involved in the progression of aging and AD can be divided into 10 functional types.The strength of the interaction among microglial subtypes weakened with aging,and the CCL and CSF signaling pathways were the fundamental bridge of communication among microglial subtypes.

A Systematic Review on Chemical Constituents of Suanzaoren Decoction, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription

Traditional Chinese Medicine prescription Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) is composed of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Anemarrhenae rhizoma, Poria and Licorice. It was used to treat central nervous system diseases such as insomnia and anxiety for thousands of years. This paper aims to systematically understand varieties and quantities of compounds and clarify chemical components of SZRD, subsequently to further provide the reference for phytochemistry and pharmacology researches of SZRD. Our results showed that SZRD contained 145 components, including flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, coumarins, phthalides, and volatile oils, etc., while five-single herbs contain 1104 components. Only in terms of compound number, there were 80 common components in SZRD and its five herbs, which accounted for 6.8% of total compounds in all 5 herbs and 55.2% of compounds in SZRD. The components of SZRD were not simply the sum of one in every single herb. It is necessary to perform parallel studies among SZRD and its herbs. This review discussed the problems that existed in the chemical research of SZRD and pointed out the direction for its further research.

New insights into the multiple magmatic fluid generations from scheelite in the Bastielieke W-polymetallic deposit,Chinese Altay(NW,China)

Scheelite is the main ore mineral in skarn-type tungsten(W-Mo,W-Sn,and W-Cu)deposits,and is also a good proxy for ore-fluid evolution and mineralization.The Bastielieke deposit is the first medium-size Wpolymetallic skarn deposit discovered in the Chinese(Xinjiang,NW China)Altay.Scheelite grains at Bastielieke are distributed in biotite granite,skarn and quartz-fluorite veins.They exhibit different textures,and can be divided into four types and six subtypes,including those in granite(Schm),prograde skarn(SchI),retrograde-altered rocks(SchII),and those in late-stage quartz-fluorite veins(SchIII).SchIa and SchIb were formed in the early and late prograde stage,respectively.SchI displays homogeneous texture,enrichments of light rare earth elements(LREEs)relative to heavy REEs(HREEs),and significantly negative Eu anomalies.SchIa has higher Sr-Mo contents and LREE/HREE than SchIb.SchII shows patchy texture by overgrowth and dissolution-reprecipitation,and can be subdivided into dark(SchIIa)and light(SchIIb)zone based in CL imaging.All SchII grains are LREE-enriched with negative Eu anomalies and relatively low LREE/HREE ratios.SchIIb has much higher W-Mo-Nb-Sr contents than SchIIa,which is ascribed to late-stage hydrothermal modifications.Schm and SchIII display homogeneous texture and similar MREE-enriched patterns,as well as very low Mo-W-Sr and different Nb contents.The texture and compositional variations in Bastielieke scheelites reveal that two magmatic fluids derived from different granitic magma reservoirs were involved in the mineralization.The earlier orefluid is relativly oxidized and has low HREE contents,forming the early prograde skarn-stage mineralization.Episodic influxes of later F-rich granitic magmatic fluids may have modified the earlier scheelite compositions,leading to multistage W enrichment and varying intragrain compositions.

TCP7 functions redundantly with several Class Ⅰ TCPs and regulates endoreplication in Arabidopsis

TCP(TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR) proteins, a family of plantspecific transcription factors, play important roles in many developmental processes. However, genetic and functional redundancy among class I TCP limits the analysis of their biological roles. Here, we identified a dominantnegative mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana TCP7 named leaf curling-upward(lcu), which exhibits smaller leaf cells and shorter hypocotyls than the wild type, due to defective endoreplication. A septuple loss-of-function mutant of TCP7, TCP8, TCP14, TCP15, TCP21, TCP22, and TCP23 displayed similar developmental defects to those of lcu.Genome-wide RNA-sequencing showed that lcu and the septuple mutant share many misexpressed genes.Intriguingly, TCP7 directly targets the CYCLIN D1;1 (CYCD1;1) locus and activates its transcription. We determined that the C-terminus of TCP7 accounts for its transcriptional activation activity. Furthermore, the mutant protein LCU exhibited reduced transcriptional activation activity due to the introduction of an EAR-like repressive domain at its C-terminus. Together, these observations indicate that TCP7 plays important roles during leaf and hypocotyl development, redundantly, with at least six class I TCPs, and regulates the expression of CYCD1;1 to affect endoreplication in Arabidopsis.

Experimental investigation of reactions between two-mica granite and boron-rich fluids: Implications for the formation of tourmaline granite

The genetic relationship between different types of granite is critical for understanding the formation and evolution of granitic magma. Fluid-rock interaction experiments between two-mica leucogranite and boron-rich fluids were carried out at 600–700°C and 200 MPa to investigate the effects of boron content in fluid and temperature on the reaction products. Our experimental results show that tourmaline granite can be produced by reactions between boron-rich fluid and two-mica granite.At 700°C, the addition of boron-rich fluid resulted in partial melting of two-mica granite and crystallization of tourmaline from the boron-rich partial melt. Increasing boron concentration in fluid promotes the melting of two-mica granite and the growth of tourmaline. No melt was produced in experiments at 600°C, in which Fe, Mg and Al released from biotite decomposition combined with boron from the fluid to form tourmaline under subsolidus conditions. The Na required for tourmaline crystallization derived from Na/K exchange between feldspar and the K released by biotite decomposition. The produced tourmaline generally has core-rim structures, indicating that the composition of melt or fluid evolved during tourmaline crystallization.Based on the experimental results, we propose that tourmaline granite veins or dikes can be formed by the reactions between boron-rich fluids, presumably produced by devolatilization of boron-bearing granitic magma, and incompletely crystallized granite at the top of the magma chamber. This 'self-metasomatism' involving boron-rich fluid in the late stage of magma crystallization could be an important mechanism for the formation of tourmaline granite.