地诺单抗治疗骨巨细胞瘤的研究进展

骨巨细胞瘤是一种以溶骨性破坏为特征的侵袭性肿瘤,手术治疗后复发率高,少数会出现肉瘤样恶变及转移。近年来,针对特异性靶向核因子κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand,RANKL)的地诺单抗治疗高级别、不可切除和转移性骨巨细胞瘤疗效显著,能够降低外科分期,增加手术切除几率,减少术后功能丧失,控制肿瘤进展;同时,用药后影像及病理学出现特征性改变,对临床诊断及手术治疗提出新的问题。最后,地诺单抗在用药时间、安全性方面尚有部分争议,有待进一步临床试验证实。

Direct discrimination between semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes with high spatial resolution by SEM

Single-walled carbon nanotube （SWCNT） films with a high density exhibit broad functionality and great potential in nanodevices, as SWCNTs can be either metallic or semiconducting in behavior. The films greatly benefit from characterization technologies that can efficiently identify and group SWCNTs based on metallic or semiconducting natures with high spatial resolution. Here, we developed a facile imaging technique using scanning electron microscopy （SEM） to discriminate between semiconducting and metallic SWCNTs based on black and white colors. The average width of the single-SWCNT image was reduced to -9 nm, -1/5 of previous imaging results. These achievements were attributed to reduced surface charging on the SiOdSi substrate under enhanced accelerating voltages. With this identification technique, a CNT transistor with an on/off ratio of 〉10s was fabricated by identifying and etching out the white metallic SWCNTs. This improved SEM imaging technique can be widely applied in evaluating the selective growth and sorting of SWCNTs.

Rice caryopsis development Ⅱ: Dynamic changes in the endosperm

The rice endosperm plays crucial roles in nourishing the embryo during embryogenesis and seed germination. Although previous studies have provided the general information about rice endosperm, a systematic investigation throughout the entire endosperm developmental process is still lacking. In this study, we examined in detail rice endosperm development on a daily basis throughout the 3o-day period of post-fertilization development. We observed that coenocytic nuclear division occurred in the first 2 days after pollination （DAP）, cellularization occurred between 3 and 5 DAP, differentiation of the aleurone and starchy endosperm occurred between 6 and 9 DAP, and accumulation of storage products occurred concurrently with the aleurone/starchy endosperm differentiation from 6 DAP onwards and was accomplished by 21 DAP. Changes in cytoplasmic membrane permeability, possibly caused by programmed cell death, were observed in the central region of the starchy endosperm at 8 DAP, and expanded to the whole starchy endosperm at 21 DAP when the aleurone is the only living component in the endosperm. Further, we observed that a distinct multi-layered dorsal aleurone formed near the dorsal vascular bundle, while the single- or occasionally two-cell layered aleurone was located in the lateral and ventral positions of endosperm. Our results provide in detail the dynamic changes in mitotic divisions, cellularization, cell differentiation, storage product accumulation, and programmed cell death that occur during rice endosperm development.

Rice caryopsis development Ⅰ: Dynamic changes in different cell layers

Rice caryopsis as one of the most important food sources for humans has a complex structure that is composed of maternal tissues including the pericarp and testa and filial tissues including the endosperm and embryo. Although rice caryopsis studies have been conducted previously, a system- atic characterization throughout the entire developmental process is still lacking. In this study, detailed morphological examinations of caryopses were made during the entire 30- day developmental process. We observed some rapid changes in cell differentiation events and cataloged how cellular degeneration processes occurred in maternal tissues. The differentiations of tube cells and cross cells were achieved by 9 days after pollination （DAP）. In the testa, the outer integument was degenerated by 3 DAP, while the outer layer of the inner integument degenerated by 7 DAP. In the nucellus, all tissues with the exception of the nucellar projection and the nucellar epidermis degenerated in the first 5 DAP. By 21 DAP, all maternal tissues, including vascular bundles, the nucellar projection and the nucellar epidermal cells were degenerated. In summary, this study provides a complete atlas of the dynamic changes in cell differentiation and degeneration for individual maternal cell layers of rice caryopsis.

True-color real-time imaging and spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes on substrates using enhanced Rayleigh scattering

白光照亮的围单人赛的碳 nanotubes (SWCNT ) 应该由于散布的回声瑞利显得有颜色。然而，底层上的 SWCNT 的真彩成像没被报导，因为 SWCNT 和散布的强壮的底层的极其低的散布紧张。这里，我们证明散布的瑞利能被接口偶极子改进效果极大地提高。底层上的因而丰富多彩的 SWCNT 能被宽地 supercontinuum 激光照明直接在一台光显微镜下面想象，它便于单个 SWCNT 的高产量 chirality 赋值。这条途径，称为的瑞利成像显微镜学，没被限制为 SWCNT，但是对许多 nanomaterials 广泛地适用，它使丰富多彩的 nanoworld 能在光显微镜下面被探索。

Interface dipole enhancement effect and enhanced Rayleigh scattering

一纳米或亚纳米的光效果包围象围单人赛的碳 nanotubes (SWCNT ) 那样的单个 nanomaterials 的压缩分子的界面的层理论上并且试验性地被学习了。当由光照亮了时，这界面的层作为一个光偶极子格子表现并且贡献在附近的原子，分子，或 nanomaterials 上提高本地地的一块即时近的地，它可以接着导致提高的瑞利散布，散布的拉曼，和荧光。这接口偶极子的理论提高了效果(IDEE ) 预言那在 nanomaterials 和界面的层的飞机之间的更小的距离，或到包围媒介的界面的层的绝缘的常数的更大的比率，将导致一个更大的领域改进因素。这预言被 SWCNT 以及在逐渐地控告的 SWCNT 散布的 situ 瑞利散布的提高的瑞利的几实现进一步试验性地验证。接口偶极子提高了散布的瑞利不仅启用真彩 nanomaterials 的即时成像，而且提供一个有效工具凝视进微妙的界面的现象。

Scanning electron microscopy imaging of single-walled carbon nanotubes on substrates

Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） plays an indispensable role in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of its high efficiency and high spatial resolution in characterizing nanomaterials. Recent progress indicates that the contrast arising from different conductivities or bandgaps can be observed in SEM images if single-walled carbon nanotubes （SWCNTs） are placed on a substrate. In this study, we use SWCNTs on different substrates as model systems to perform SEM imaging of nanomaterials. Substantial SEM observations are conducted at both high and low acceleration voltages, leading to a comprehensive understanding of the effects of the imaging parameters and substrates on the material and surface-charge signals, as well as the SEM imaging. This unified picture of SEM imaging not only furthers our understanding of SEM images of SWCNTs on a variety of substrates but also provides a basis for developing new imaging recipes for other important nanomaterials used in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics.