Temperature Gradient Analyses of a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Fueled by Methanol

Thermal management in solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC)is a critical issue due to non-uniform electrochemical reactions and convective fl ows within the cells.Therefore,a 2D mathematical model is established herein to investigate the thermal responses of a tubular methanol-fueled SOFC.Results show that unlike the low-temperature condition of 873 K,where the peak temperature gradient occurs at the cell center,it appears near the fuel inlet at 1073 K because of the rapid temperature rise induced by the elevated current density.Despite the large heat convection capacity,excessive air could not eff ectively eliminate the harmful temperature gradient caused by the large current density.Thus,optimal control of the current density by properly selecting the operating potential could generate a local thermal neutral state.Interestingly,the maximum axial temperature gradient could be reduced by about 18%at 973 K and 20%at 1073 K when the air with a 5 K higher temperature is supplied.Additionally,despite the higher electrochemical performance observed,the cell with a counter-fl ow arrange-ment featured by a larger hot area and higher maximum temperature gradients is not preferable for a ceramic SOFC system considering thermal durability.Overall,this study could provide insightful thermal information for the operating condition selection,structure design,and stability assessment of realistic SOFCs combined with their internal reforming process.

A mini-review of noble-metal-free electrocatalysts for overall water splitting in non-alkaline electrolytes

Development of noble-metal-free materials with remarkable electrocatalytic water-splitting performance in acidic or neutral media has sparked considerable attention in recent years.Herein,we review the latest research on design and fabrication of precious-metal-free catalytic materials for overall water electrolysis in non-alkaline environment,especially highlighting several optimizing approaches to enhance the catalytic behavior and to realize effective bifunctional electrocatalysts.All these involved noble-metal-free electrocatalysts are classified into transition-metal oxides(TMOs),transition-metal nitrides(TMNs),transition-metal carbides(TMCs),transition-metal phosphides(TMPs),transition-metal chalcogenides,metal complexes,and metal-free carbons,as shown in the main part.Besides,the paper also offers an introduction of the fundamental electrochemistry of water splitting before entering the subject,as well as a prospective discussion on mechanism understanding,novel catalysts fabrication,and standardized performance measurements/evaluation in the last section.

A novel reprocessable chloroprene rubber based on dynamic disulfide metathesis

For sustainable application of chloroprene rubber(CR),a new technology is developed by the vulcanization of CR using 2,2'-dithiodipyridine(DPD)as a cross-linking agent with the repro-cessing performance owing to disulfde metathesis.When DPD was incorporated into CR vulcanization,the Menschutkin reac-tion between allyl chloride group and pyridine group occurred with a maximum exothermic peak at 184°C.The number of effective cross-linking bond at o.5 phr DPD vulcanizate was higher than that at high DPD content.This vulcanizate showed high tensile strength(11.12 MPa)and elongation at break(1253±120%)owing to the exchangeable disulfide bond in the system.Under the catalysis of triphenylphosphine,the metathesis of disulfide compound was improved obviously,which endowed CR/DPD vulcanizates with good recyclability performance.Disulfide cross-linkage maintains its stability at low temperature,thus ensuring the mechanical stability of CR/DPD vulcanizate under the ambient conditions.Vulcanization and reprocessing of CR/DPD vulcanizate can be conducted with common industrial rubber processing equipment.Such reprocessable chloroprene rubber could have potential appli-cation in CR industry,also serve to significantly improve envir-onmental sustainability.