With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas Rive...With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.展开更多
Background To date, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) trials have primarily focused on clinical recovery;however, personal recovery is actually the fundamental aspect of the recovery process. The aim of this study w...Background To date, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) trials have primarily focused on clinical recovery;however, personal recovery is actually the fundamental aspect of the recovery process. The aim of this study was to summarise and synthesise the existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery In patients with schizophrenia. Aim This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia. Methods A systematic search of the literature in PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane (CENTRAL), Embase and Web of Science (SCI) was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials reporting the impact of CBT interventions on personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia. The estimated effect sizes of the main study outcomes were calculated to estimate the magnitude of the treatment effects of CBT on personal recovery. We also evaluated the CBT’s effect size at the end-of-treatment and long-term (follow-up) changes in some aspects of personal recovery. Results Twenty-five studies were included in the analysis. The effect of CBT on personal recovery was 2.27 (95% CI 0.10 to 4.45;I^2=0%;p=0.04) at post-treatment and the long-term effect size was 2.62 (95% CI 0.51 to 4.47;I^2=0%;p=0.02). During the post-treatment period, the pooled effect size of CBT was 0.01 (95% CI -0.12 to 0.15;I^2=33.0%;p>0.05) for quality of life (QoL), 0.643 (95% CI 0.056 to 1.130;I^2=30.8%;p<0.01) for psychological health-related QoL,-1.77 (95% CI -3.29 to -0.25;I^2=40%;p=0.02) for hopelessness and 1.85 (95% CI 0.69 to 3.01;I^2=41%;p<0.01) for self-esteem. We also summarised the effects of CBT on QoL (subscale scores not included in the evaluation of the pooled effect size), self-confidence and connectedness, and all results corresponded to positive effects. However, there was insufficient evidence regarding the long-term effects of CBT on personal recovery. Conclusions CBT is an effective therapy with meaningful clinical effect sizes on personal recovery and some aspects of personal recovery of schizophrenia after treatment. However, the effect is relatively immediate and rapidly decreases as time progresses. Therefore, in the future, more studies should focus on the mechanism of CBT for personal recovery and the factors that influence the long-term effects of CBT.展开更多
The advantages of the all-fiber optical current transformer include but are not limited to being small in size,having no magnetic saturation,exhibiting high measurement accuracy,and boasting strong electromagnetic int...The advantages of the all-fiber optical current transformer include but are not limited to being small in size,having no magnetic saturation,exhibiting high measurement accuracy,and boasting strong electromagnetic interference resistance.However,the high cost of the all-fiber optical transformer limits its promotion and application in engineering.This paper proposes a design scheme of an independent double acquisition loop for the all-fiber optical current transformer based on the single optical path.Firstly,based on the closed-loop control mode and open-loop control mode,the twochannel sampling signal demand for relay protection,and the independent dual-acquisition loop design scheme of the all-fiber optical current transformer are proposed.Secondly,the reliability and economic feasibility of the scheme are demonstrated by an analysis of system failure and cost.The results show that the scheme can actualize the acquisition function of two independent all-fiber optical current transformer products on a single all-fiber current transformer in an integrated manner,which greatly reduces the cost of the all-fiber optical current transformer in engineering applications.展开更多
Aims We aimed to quantify the variation of leafδ^(13)C along an arid and semi-arid grassland transect in northern China.We also evaluated the effects of environmental factors(i.e.precipitation,temperature and altitud...Aims We aimed to quantify the variation of leafδ^(13)C along an arid and semi-arid grassland transect in northern China.We also evaluated the effects of environmental factors(i.e.precipitation,temperature and altitude)on the spatial variation of leafδ^(13)C in northern grasslands and Tibetan Plateau,China.Method We sampled leaves of plant species belonging to three herb genera(Stipa spp.,Leymus spp.and Cleistogenes spp.)and three shrub genera(Caragana spp.,Reaumuria spp.and Nitraria spp.)for carbon isotope analysis from 50 locations along a 3200-km arid and semiarid grassland transect in northern China.Leafδ^(13)C data in Tibetan Plateau and northern grasslands in China were also compiled from studies in literature.Important Findings Along the transect,leafδ^(13)C for C_(3)plants ranged from−28.0‰to−23.3‰,and from−16.3‰to−13.8‰for C_(4)plant Cleistogenes spp..The change in leafδ^(13)C ranged from−0.26‰to−3.51‰with every 100 mm increase of annual precipitation,and leafδ^(13)C of shrubs(Nitraria spp.,Reaumuria spp.and Caragana spp.)responded more markedly to climatic factors(precipitation and temperature)than that of herbs(Stipa spp.,Leymus spp.and Cleistogenes spp.),indicating higher sensitivity of shrubδ^(13)C to climatic changes.The most important factor regulating spatial variations of leafδ^(13)C in Tibetan Plateau was altitude,while it was precipitation in northern grasslands.Our results suggested that shrubs are more adapted to increasing drought in arid and semi-arid grassland.Controls of environmental factors on leafδ^(13)C depended on the most limiting factors in arid grassland(precipitation)and Tibetan grasslands(atmospheric CO_(2)concentration).展开更多
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB825101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41071139)
文摘With the classical statistical and geostatistical methods,the study of the spatial distribution and its influence factors of soil water,salinity and organic matter was carried out for 0-70 cm soil layers in Manas River watershed.The results showed that the soil moisture data from all soil layers exhibited a normal distribution,with average values of 14.08%-21.55%.Geostatistical analysis revealed that the content of soil moisture had a moderate spatial autocorrelation with the ratios of nugget/sill ranging from 0.500 to 0.718,which implies that the spatial pattern of soil moisture is influenced by the combined effects of structural factors and random factors.Remarkable spatial distributions with stripped and mottled features were found for soil moisture in all different soil layers.The landform and crop planting had a relatively big influence on the spatial distribution of soil moisture;total soil salinity was high in east but low in west,and non-salinized soil and lightly salinized soil appeared at the northwest and southwest of the study area.Under the effect of reservoir leakage,the heavily salinized soils are widely distributed in the middle of the study area.The areas of the non-salinized and lightly salinized soils decreased gradually with soil depth increment,which is contrary to the case for saline soils that reached a maximum of 245.67 km2 at the layer of 50-70 cm.The types of soil salinization in Manas River watershed were classified into four classes:the sulfate,chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride and chloride.The sulfate salinized soil is most widely distributed in the surface layer.The areas of chloride-sulfate,sulfate-chloride,and chloride salinized soils increased gradually along with the increment of soil depth;the variation range of the average values of soil organic matter content was between 7.48%-11.33%.The ratios of nugget/sill reduced gradually from 0.698 to 0.299 with soil depth increment,which shows that the content of soil organic matter has a moderate spatial autocorrelation.The soil organic matter in all soil layers met normal distribution after logarithmic transformation.The spatial distribution patterns of soil organic matter and soil moisture were similar;the areas with high organic matter contents were mainly distributed in the south of the study area,with the lowest contents in the middle.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No:71673070).
文摘Background To date, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) trials have primarily focused on clinical recovery;however, personal recovery is actually the fundamental aspect of the recovery process. The aim of this study was to summarise and synthesise the existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery In patients with schizophrenia. Aim This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia. Methods A systematic search of the literature in PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane (CENTRAL), Embase and Web of Science (SCI) was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials reporting the impact of CBT interventions on personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia. The estimated effect sizes of the main study outcomes were calculated to estimate the magnitude of the treatment effects of CBT on personal recovery. We also evaluated the CBT’s effect size at the end-of-treatment and long-term (follow-up) changes in some aspects of personal recovery. Results Twenty-five studies were included in the analysis. The effect of CBT on personal recovery was 2.27 (95% CI 0.10 to 4.45;I^2=0%;p=0.04) at post-treatment and the long-term effect size was 2.62 (95% CI 0.51 to 4.47;I^2=0%;p=0.02). During the post-treatment period, the pooled effect size of CBT was 0.01 (95% CI -0.12 to 0.15;I^2=33.0%;p>0.05) for quality of life (QoL), 0.643 (95% CI 0.056 to 1.130;I^2=30.8%;p<0.01) for psychological health-related QoL,-1.77 (95% CI -3.29 to -0.25;I^2=40%;p=0.02) for hopelessness and 1.85 (95% CI 0.69 to 3.01;I^2=41%;p<0.01) for self-esteem. We also summarised the effects of CBT on QoL (subscale scores not included in the evaluation of the pooled effect size), self-confidence and connectedness, and all results corresponded to positive effects. However, there was insufficient evidence regarding the long-term effects of CBT on personal recovery. Conclusions CBT is an effective therapy with meaningful clinical effect sizes on personal recovery and some aspects of personal recovery of schizophrenia after treatment. However, the effect is relatively immediate and rapidly decreases as time progresses. Therefore, in the future, more studies should focus on the mechanism of CBT for personal recovery and the factors that influence the long-term effects of CBT.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. U1866203)
文摘The advantages of the all-fiber optical current transformer include but are not limited to being small in size,having no magnetic saturation,exhibiting high measurement accuracy,and boasting strong electromagnetic interference resistance.However,the high cost of the all-fiber optical transformer limits its promotion and application in engineering.This paper proposes a design scheme of an independent double acquisition loop for the all-fiber optical current transformer based on the single optical path.Firstly,based on the closed-loop control mode and open-loop control mode,the twochannel sampling signal demand for relay protection,and the independent dual-acquisition loop design scheme of the all-fiber optical current transformer are proposed.Secondly,the reliability and economic feasibility of the scheme are demonstrated by an analysis of system failure and cost.The results show that the scheme can actualize the acquisition function of two independent all-fiber optical current transformer products on a single all-fiber current transformer in an integrated manner,which greatly reduces the cost of the all-fiber optical current transformer in engineering applications.
基金National Basic Research Program of China(973 program,2014CB954400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31522010)State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology(LFSE2013-13 and LFSE2015-18).
文摘Aims We aimed to quantify the variation of leafδ^(13)C along an arid and semi-arid grassland transect in northern China.We also evaluated the effects of environmental factors(i.e.precipitation,temperature and altitude)on the spatial variation of leafδ^(13)C in northern grasslands and Tibetan Plateau,China.Method We sampled leaves of plant species belonging to three herb genera(Stipa spp.,Leymus spp.and Cleistogenes spp.)and three shrub genera(Caragana spp.,Reaumuria spp.and Nitraria spp.)for carbon isotope analysis from 50 locations along a 3200-km arid and semiarid grassland transect in northern China.Leafδ^(13)C data in Tibetan Plateau and northern grasslands in China were also compiled from studies in literature.Important Findings Along the transect,leafδ^(13)C for C_(3)plants ranged from−28.0‰to−23.3‰,and from−16.3‰to−13.8‰for C_(4)plant Cleistogenes spp..The change in leafδ^(13)C ranged from−0.26‰to−3.51‰with every 100 mm increase of annual precipitation,and leafδ^(13)C of shrubs(Nitraria spp.,Reaumuria spp.and Caragana spp.)responded more markedly to climatic factors(precipitation and temperature)than that of herbs(Stipa spp.,Leymus spp.and Cleistogenes spp.),indicating higher sensitivity of shrubδ^(13)C to climatic changes.The most important factor regulating spatial variations of leafδ^(13)C in Tibetan Plateau was altitude,while it was precipitation in northern grasslands.Our results suggested that shrubs are more adapted to increasing drought in arid and semi-arid grassland.Controls of environmental factors on leafδ^(13)C depended on the most limiting factors in arid grassland(precipitation)and Tibetan grasslands(atmospheric CO_(2)concentration).
