Overview of allergenic risk of novel foods

The reported cases of food allergies are steadily increasing.With the invention of more novel foods,new and unfamiliar allergens are being introduced into our diets,which raises concerns about the potential risk of novel food allergies.The purpose of this review is to assess the allergenic risks associated with novel food components,strategies for assessing risk in relation to novel food allergens,and current regulations for managing food allergens in novel food products.

Correlation between Expression of P38 MAPK-Signaling and uPA in Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE To study the expression of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p-p38)and uPA and the correlation of their expression with breast cancer clinicopathological characteristics,and to investigate the role of the p38MAPK-signaling pathway in regulating uPA expression in breast cancer cells. METHODS Immunohistochemistry(S-P) was used to test the expression of p-p38 and uPA in 60 specimens of breast cancer tissues.Western blots were adopted to detect expression of the p-p38 and uPA proteins in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells,and uPA expression a er treatment with SB203580,a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK. RESULTS The positive rate of the p-p38 protein and uPA protein expression in the breast cancer tissues was 56.7% and 60.0%,respectively.The expression of p-p38 was positively related to the expression of uPA(r=0.316,P<0.05).The expression of p-p38 and uPA was related to lymph node metastas is and the TNM stage(P<0.05),but it was not related to the patient’s age or tumor size(P>0.05).The expression of p-p38 and uPA in MDA-MB-231 cells was higher than that in MCF-7 cells.SB203580 inhibited the p38 MAPK pathway and reduced uPA protein expression. CONCLUSION The p38 MAPK-signaling pathway promotes breast cancer malignant progression by up-regulating uPA expression,and it may be an important process in breast cancer invasion and metastasis.

Solubility determination and thermodynamic modeling of bis-2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate(BHET)in different solvents

Studies on the degradation process of waste polyethylene terephthalate(PET)have become increasingly mature,but there are relatively few studies on the separation of degradation products.The products contain many components and the separation of which is difficult.Therefore,the study on phase equilibrium thermodynamics of bis-2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate(BHET)is of great theoretical significance and practical value to provide basic data for the BHET crystallization separation.In this work,the degraded products were purified and characterized.The solubility of BHET in methanol,ethanol,ethylene glycol,water and the mixture of ethylene glycol+water were determined by static method.The experimental results were correlated with different models,such as ideal solution(IS)model,λh equation,Apelblat equation and NRTL model.Based on the van’t Hoff equation,the mixing Gibbs energy,enthalpy and entropy were calculated.From this work,the basic data which can be used to guide the crystallization process of BHET were obtained,including solubility data,correlation model and thermodynamic properties.

Sub/supercritical carbon dioxide induced phase switching for the reaction and separation in ILs/methanol

Separation of products from ionic liquid(IL) solvents is one of the main challenges that hinder their utilizations. In this study, the production of γ-valerolactone(GVL) by selective hydrogenation of α-angelica lactone(AL) and separation of the products from the IL solvent were carried out by using subcritical CO_2 as a "switch" at room temperature. After the mixture was separated into two phases by subcritical CO_2, AL and nano Pd/C catalyst were only found in the lower IL-rich phase, GVL was produced with quantitative yield and enriched in the upper methanolrich phase. Pure GVL can be obtained by depressurizing to release CO_2 and evaporation to remove methanol of the upper phase, the lower phase containing IL, catalyst and methanol can be recycled for the next reaction. The strategy may provide a new approach to produce and separate products from IL solvents at mild conditions.

Insight into the role of ethylene glycol on thermodynamics and nucleation kinetics of dimethyl terephthalate in mixed solvent system

Dissolution and nucleation are two essential processes for industrial crystallization.This paper in-vestigates the effect of ethylene glycol addition on the crystallization behavior of dimethyl terephthalate(DMT)in solution.The DMT solubility in mixed solvent system(methanol-ethylene glycol)was deter-mined by isothermal satiation approach,and the solubility was associated using seven models.The model fitting results were consistent with the experimental values.Based on the results,the metastable zone width(MSZW)of DMT was detected by the polythermal approach;the modified Sangwal's theory was used to investigate the nucleation behavior,which can provide a new way of thought for better analysis of the crystallization behavior.The results demonstrated that MSZW was associated with various elements,such as cooling rate,saturation temperature and mass fraction of ethylene glycol.The addition of ethylene glycol slowed down the nucleation rate as shown by the broadening of MSZW.We derive the solid-liquid interface energy,the nucleation driving force,the critical nucleation size and the critical Gibbs free energy according to the classical nucleation theory.It is demonstrated that the nucleation driving force and the solid-liquid interface energy are dependent and jointly influence the MSZW.

双咪唑阳离子乙酸锌低共熔溶剂催化醇解PET

本文设计合成了具有高热稳定性、多活性位点及低金属含量的双咪唑阳离子乙酸锌低共熔溶剂[C_(2)(Mim)_(2)][OAc]_(2)-2Zn(OAc)_(2),用于催化聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)的乙二醇(EG)醇解反应.通过红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(NMR)和热重(TGA)表征分析了低共熔溶剂催化剂的结构和热稳定性.通过对催化反应参数进行优化发现,当催化剂的用量为PET质量的5%、PET:EG的质量比为1:4时,在190℃的条件下反应70 min后,PET转化率可达100%,对苯二甲酸双羟乙酯(BHET)的产率达85.2%.通过对比反应前后PET的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图,并利用原位红外监测PET的EG醇解过程推测PET的降解过程,研究了PET的EG醇解反应动力学,结合双咪唑阳离子与乙酸锌和乙酸根与EG之间的氢键作用,推测出[C_(2)(Mim)_(2)][OAc]_(2)-2Zn(OAc)_(2)在EG中催化降解PET可能的反应机理.

Highly efficient enzymolysis and fermentation of corn stalk into L-lactic acid by enzyme-bacteria friendly ionic liquid pretreatment

Ionic liquids(ILs)have been widely used in the pretreatment of biomass.However,the effects of residual ILs on the enzymolysis and fermentation of biomass are still unknown.Therefore,a large quantity of water-washing is usually followed after biomass pretreatment to eliminate the inhibition of residual ILs on subsequent hydrolysis and fermentation steps.In this work,the effect of choline glycine([Ch][Gly])concentration on the activity of cellulase and Bacillus sp.strain P38 was systematically investigated to explore the impacts of residual ILs on enzymolysis and fermentation.The results confirmed that the activities of them were almost not inhibited in low concentrations(less than 0.5 wt%)of[Ch][Gly].Under optimal pretreatment conditions,the maximum cellulose digestibility was 99.23%.Enzymatic hydrolysate was suitable for L-lactic acid fermentation without appreciable inhibition,and the highest sugar-acid conversion rate of 96.33%was obtained by simplified detoxification.This work provides an economic route to produce fermentable sugar and L-lactic acid,which shows an industrial application prospect in lignocellulosic biorefinery.