Scutellarin prevents acute alcohol-induced liver injury via inhibiting oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting inflammation by regulating the AKT,p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathways

Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)is the most frequent liver disease worldwide,resulting in severe harm to personal health and posing a serious burden to public health.Based on the reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of scutellarin(SCU),this study investigated its protective role in male BALB/c mice with acute alcoholic liver injury after oral administration(10,25,and 50 mg/kg).The results indicated that SCU could lessen serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels and improve the histopathological changes in acute alcoholic liver;it reduced alcohol-induced malondialdehyde(MDA)content and increased glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),catalase(CAT),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activity.Furthermore,SCU decreased tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),and IL-1βmessenger RNA(mRNA)expression levels,weakened inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS)activity,and inhibited nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain(NOD)-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3)inflammasome activation.Mechanistically,SCU suppressed cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1(CYP2E1)upregulation triggered by alcohol,increased the expression of oxidative stress-related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)pathways,and suppressed the inflammation-related degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)-α(IκBα)as well as activation of NF-κB by mediating the protein kinase B(AKT)and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)pathways.These findings demonstrate that SCU protects against acute alcoholic liver injury via inhibiting oxidative stress by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing inflammation by regulating the AKT,p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathways.

Liensinine attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress in spleen tissue in an LPS-induced mouse sepsis model

Sepsis is a complex syndrome caused by multiple pathogens and involves multiple organ failure,particularly spleen dysfunction.In 2017,the worldwide incidence was 48.9 million sepsis cases and 1l million sepsis-related deaths were reported(Rudd et al.,2020).Inflammation,oxidative stress,and apoptosis are the most common pathologies seen in sepsis.Liensinine(LIE)is a bisbenzylisoquinoline-type alkaloid extracted from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera.Lotus seed hearts have high content of LIE which mainly has antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic pharmacological effects.It can exert anti-carcinogenicactivityby regulating cell.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced mitochondrial dysfunction inhibits proinflammatory cytokine secretion and enhances cytotoxicity in mouse macrophages in a reactive oxygen species(ROS)-dependent way

Pseudomonas aeruginosa belongs to the genus Pseudomonas and is a common Gram-negative,exclusively aerobic,conditionally pathogenic bacterium with the characteristics of easy colonization,mutation,and multidrug resistance(Deng et al.,2015;Azam and Khan,2019;Jurado-Martin et al.,2021).