This paper evaluates the skills of physical Parameterization schemes in simulating extreme rainfall events over Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The model skill is...This paper evaluates the skills of physical Parameterization schemes in simulating extreme rainfall events over Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The model skill is determined during the 21 December 2011 flooding event. Ten sensitivity experiments have been conducted using Cumulus, Convective and Planetary boundary layer schemes to find the best combination and optimize the WRF model for the study area for heavy rainfall events. Model simulation results were verified against observed data using standard statistical tests. The model simulations show encouraging and better statistical results with the combination of Kain-Fritsch cumulus parameterization scheme, Lin microphysics scheme and Asymmetric Convection Model 2 (ACM2) planetary boundary scheme than any other combinations of physical parameterization schemes over Dar es Salaam region.展开更多
Climate change is impacting on climate dependent activities such as Avocado farming in Tanzania. The extent of the impact of climate change in agriculture depends on the level of vulnerability or exposure of farmers t...Climate change is impacting on climate dependent activities such as Avocado farming in Tanzania. The extent of the impact of climate change in agriculture depends on the level of vulnerability or exposure of farmers to these impacts. This study addresses gender vulnerabilities to Avocado smallholder farmers to climate change in the Southern Highlands regions of Tanzania where the temperature and rainfall stresses are relevant using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and tested for significant difference in their vulnerability levels by applying independent two sample student’s t-test based on gender by using a sample of 104 Avocado smallholder farming. The results in this study revealed that both male and female avocado farmers were vulnerable to the effects of climate change and variability, but the vulnerabilities varied with gender. Female small holder farmers were more vulnerable to socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategies, social network, water and food major components of the LVI, whereas were more vulnerable to social network and health. The vulnerability indices revealed that female small holder farmers were more sensitive to the impact of climate change and variability. It was also found that female small holder farmers have the least adaptive capacities. In all, female small holder farmers are more vulnerable to climate change and variability than male. There is a need for better gender-sensitive approaches to adaptation planning and implementation to ensure that both men and women have equal opportunities to benefit from adaptation options in agriculture.展开更多
文摘This paper evaluates the skills of physical Parameterization schemes in simulating extreme rainfall events over Dar es Salaam Region, Tanzania using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The model skill is determined during the 21 December 2011 flooding event. Ten sensitivity experiments have been conducted using Cumulus, Convective and Planetary boundary layer schemes to find the best combination and optimize the WRF model for the study area for heavy rainfall events. Model simulation results were verified against observed data using standard statistical tests. The model simulations show encouraging and better statistical results with the combination of Kain-Fritsch cumulus parameterization scheme, Lin microphysics scheme and Asymmetric Convection Model 2 (ACM2) planetary boundary scheme than any other combinations of physical parameterization schemes over Dar es Salaam region.
文摘Climate change is impacting on climate dependent activities such as Avocado farming in Tanzania. The extent of the impact of climate change in agriculture depends on the level of vulnerability or exposure of farmers to these impacts. This study addresses gender vulnerabilities to Avocado smallholder farmers to climate change in the Southern Highlands regions of Tanzania where the temperature and rainfall stresses are relevant using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) and tested for significant difference in their vulnerability levels by applying independent two sample student’s t-test based on gender by using a sample of 104 Avocado smallholder farming. The results in this study revealed that both male and female avocado farmers were vulnerable to the effects of climate change and variability, but the vulnerabilities varied with gender. Female small holder farmers were more vulnerable to socio-demographic profile, livelihood strategies, social network, water and food major components of the LVI, whereas were more vulnerable to social network and health. The vulnerability indices revealed that female small holder farmers were more sensitive to the impact of climate change and variability. It was also found that female small holder farmers have the least adaptive capacities. In all, female small holder farmers are more vulnerable to climate change and variability than male. There is a need for better gender-sensitive approaches to adaptation planning and implementation to ensure that both men and women have equal opportunities to benefit from adaptation options in agriculture.
