Carbon Footprint of Tourism Sector in Portugal-Calculator Development

A carbon footprint(CF)calculator was developed to apply to a Portuguese touristic accommodation to contribute to a sustainable touristic activity.Although some calculators are available online,they are related to the country reality or use outdated emission factors.A calculator based on national emission factors is important.The calculator was developed in Microsoft Excel(version 365)and is based on the CO2e emissions resulting from electricity,water,fuels and food use,laundry and waste production.The calculator development involved:study the accommodation emission sources,selection the environmental indicators,determination of the emission factors and development of the CF formulas.Total CF calculation was made considering the partial CF per component,a monthly and annual comparison of each indicator’s emissions contribution using graphs.The emissions amount per overnight stay,per room,per area,were also assessed and these values were transformed into global hectare(gha).Avoided emissions calculation gives the information about the efforts in CF reduction,and two indicators were considered:electricity production from renewable energy sources and the amount of separated waste for recycling.It was considered reforestation measures to achieve carbon neutrality.This calculator incorporates four components not often used:water,laundry,waste,food,and avoided emissions.

土地利用与交通规划可达性措施模型综述

Since its inception accessibility has undergone various changes in the way it is defined,measured,and modeled.The paper reviews the recent advancements made in the accessibility measures along with the models used in different applications of accessibility related to land use and transportation.The measures of accessibility are grouped under infrastructure-based,location-based,and person-based measures.The paper finds that although the person-based measures are statistically robust and theoretically sound,they are less preferred than the location-based measure in the accessibility measurement.The review finds recent development such as web based mapping and use of location based data;image mapping through convolutional neural networks;and activity-time constraints modeling in the measures of accessibility.Further,the paper reviews literature from the last five years that have used accessibility to study travel mode choices and household location choices and finds the use of three types of modeling framework-Statistical,Neural Network,and Agent Based models.Based on the literature review,this paper suggests the inclusion of environmental sustainability and gender equity in the accessibility measurement framework and a shift towards model synthesis to enhance the model accuracy and to reduce the present complexities in model building.