Experimental measurements and CFD modelling of hydroxyapatite scaffolds in perfusion bioreactors for bone regeneration

In the field of bone tissue engineering,particular interest is devoted to the development of 3D cultures to study bone cell proliferation under conditions similar to in vivo ones,e.g.by artificially producing mechanical stresses promoting a biological response(mechanotransduction).Of particular relevance in this context are the effects generated by the flow shear stress,which governs the nutrients delivery rate to the growing cells and which can be controlled in perfusion reactors.However,the introduction of 3D scaffolds complicates the direct measurement of the generated shear stress on the adhered cells inside the matrix,thus jeopardizing the potential of using multi-dimensional matrices.In this study,an anisotropic hydroxyapatite-based set of scaffolds is considered as a 3D biomimetic support for bone cells deposition and growth.Measurements of sample-specific flow resistance are carried out using a perfusion system,accompanied by a visual characterization of the material structure.From the obtained results,a subset of three samples is reproduced using 3D-Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)techniques and the models are validated by virtually replicating the flow resistance measurement.Once a good agreement is found,the analysis of flow-induced shear stress on the inner B-HA structure is carried out based on simulation results.Finally,a statistical analysis leads to a simplified expression to correlate the flow resistance with the entity and extensions of wall shear stress inside the scaffold.The study applies CFD to overcome the limitations of experiments,allowing for an advancement in multi-dimensional cell cultures by elucidating the flow conditions in 3D reactors.

Liquid flow in scaffold derived from natural source:experimental observations and biological outcome

This study investigates the biological effects on a 3D scaffold based on hydroxyapatite cultured with MC3T3 osteoblasts in response to flow-induced shear stress(FSS).The scaffold adopted here(B-HA)derives from the biomorphic transformation of natural wood and its peculiar channel geometry mimics the porous structure of the bone.From the point of view of fluid dynamics,B-HA can be considered a network of micro-channels,intrinsically offering the advantages of a microfluidic system.This work,for the first time,offers a description of the fluid dynamic properties of the B-HA scaffold,which are strongly connected to its morphology.These features are necessary to determine the FSS ranges to be applied during in vitro studies to get physiologically relevant conditions.The selected ranges of FSS promoted the elongation of the attached cells along the flow direction and early osteogenic cell differentiation.These data confirmed the ability of B-HA to promote the differentiation process along osteogenic lineage.Hence,such a bioactive and naturally derived scaffold can be considered as a promising tool for bone regeneration applications.