Associations of Gestational Exposure to Air Pollution and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Placental Inflammation

Restricted fetal growth(RFG)is a leading contributor to perinatal mortality and has been associated with gestational exposure to air pollution,such as fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)),nitrogen dioxide(NO2),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs).This study examines the association between trimester-specific and weekly means of air pollution throughout gestation and placental inflammatory markers at delivery.In a prospective cohort study of 263 pregnant women in Rochester,NY,we measured interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)in placental tissue and estimated gestational exposure to PM_(2.5)and NO_(2)using a high-resolution spatial-temporal model.Exposure to PAHs was estimated using urinary 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP)concentrations collected once per trimester.Using distributed lag models with a penalized spline function,each interquartile range(2.6μg/m^(3))increase in PM_(2.5)concentration during gestational weeks 6−11 was associated with decreased placental IL-6 levels(−22.2%,95%CI:−39.0%,−0.64%).Using multiple linear regression models,each interquartile range increase of 1-OHP was associated with an increase in TNF-αin the first trimester(58.5%,95%CI:20.7%,74.2%),third trimester(22.9%,95%CI:0.04%,49.5%),and entire pregnancy(29.6%,95%CI:3.9%,60.6%).Our results suggest gestational exposure to air pollution may alter the inflammatory environment of the placenta at delivery.

产前邻苯二甲酸盐暴露与6~10岁儿童的神经行为发展评分

[背景]人们关注产前邻苯二甲酸酯暴露对神经行为的潜在影响,但是现有的数据并不一致。[目的]探讨产前尿中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度与儿童神经行为得分之间的相关性。[方法]在一个多中心的队列研究——未来家庭研究(Study for Future Families)中,测定153名妊娠妇女尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的浓度。当儿童年龄在6~10岁时,由母亲完成儿童行为量表。用调整后的多元回归交互模型,评估邻苯二甲酸酯浓度与儿童行为(总体以及性别特异性)之间的相关性。[结果]男童中,单异丁基邻苯二甲酸浓度与如下项目的较高得分相关:注意力不集中(β=0.27;95%CI:0.04~0.50)、违规行为(β=0.20;95%CI:0.01~0.38)、攻击性(β=0.34,95%CI:0.09~0.59)和品行问题(β=0.39;95%CI:0.20~0.58),而二(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物的摩尔总数与躯体问题的较高得分相关(β=0.15;95%CI:0.03~0.28)。较高的单苄基邻苯二甲酸浓度与男童中对抗行为(β=0.16;95%CI:0.01~0.32)和品行问题(β=0.21;95%CI:0.06~0.37)的较高得分相关,但与女童中较低的焦虑得分(β=-0.20;95%CI:-0.39^-0.01)相关。通常,在女童中上述相关性接近于零。模型系数表明,平方根转化后的结果得分的差异与对数变换的代谢产物每增加1个单位相关。[结论]上述研究结果提示,妊娠后期某些邻苯二甲酸盐暴露与男童的行为问题之间存在相关性。鉴于有关这一课题的研究很少,以及在研究中存在方法学和人群的差异,因此需要进行更多的研究。