New host and locality records of snake intestinal nematode Kalicephalus spp in Indonesia

Objective:To observe three species of Kalicephalus found in three species of snake(Ophkphagus hannah,Ptyas mucosus,and Naja Sputatrix) during research on Capture Snake for Trading in Java and Snake Biodiversity in Kalimantan Islands.Methods:Specimens for light microscopy examination were fixed with warm 70%alcohol,cleared and mounted in lactophenol for wet mounting.Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon compound microscope.Measurements were given in micrometers(μ) as the average of findings,followed by the range in parentheses,unless otherwise stated.Results:Kalkephalus(Costatus) indicus was found from 7 Ptyas mucosus,Kalicephalus bungari from 2 Naja sputatrix and 1 Kalicephalus(Costatus) indicus and Kalicephalus assimilis found from 1 Ophiophagus hannah.The morphology and measurement of three species of Kalicephalus found in this study were close to those described before.Conclusions:New finding of host of Kalicephalus(Costalus) indicus and Kalicephalus bungari was a snake species of Naja sputatrix.New records of locality were Kalimantan island as the new locality of Kalicephalus assimilis,and Java island was new locality of Kalicephalus(Costatus) indicus.

The first report of new species:Trichuris landak n. sp

Objective:To study nematode parasites morphology of Hystrix javanica(H.javanica),both through the feces and internal organs.Methods:Feces were observed by direct smear method,internal organs were observed after dissecting the host.Specimens for light microscopy examination were fixed with 70%warm alcohol,cleared and mounted in lactophenol for wet mounting.Specimens for SEM examination were postfixed in cacodylate buffer and glutaraldehyde,dehydrated through a graded series of alcohol and freeze dried.The specimens were attached to stubs with double cello-tape,coated with gold and observed with a JSM5310LV electron microscope.Figures were made with the aid of a drawiug tube attached to Olympus compound microscope,other figures were photographs of scanning electron microscope images.Measurements were given in micrometers as the mean followed by the range in parentheses,unless otherwise stated.Results:The nematode species found in the intestine of H.javanica are Gireterakis girardi and a new species,Trihuris landak.The new species differs with previously reported species from Hystrix because of having stylet and short cervical alae.The pattern of bacillary band is closed to Trichuris trichiurus,the species that infect human,but differs because the surface of its vulva is not covered with densely spine.Conclusions:The species of nematodes found on H.javanica were Gireterakis girardi and a new species Trichuris landak n.sp.Those two species are newly recorded in Indonesia.

Nematode parasite,Auchenacantha spp of flying lemur,Cynocephalus variegatus(Audebert,1799) from Indonesia:Morphological study with SEM

Objective:To observe morphology of Auchenacantha galeopteri(A.galeopteri),Auchenacantha spinosa(A.spinosa) and Auchenacantha parva(A.parva) from Sukabumi and Ujung Kulon, Indonesia using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Methods:Specimens for light microscopy examination were fixed with warm 70%alcohol,cleared and mounted in lactophenol for wet mounting.Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon compound microscope.Specimens for SEM examination were processed according to Bozzola.Measurements were given in micrometers(μ m) as the average of findings,followed by the range in parentheses, unless otherwise stated.Results:The measurements of Auchenacantha spp are same with those of previously described.The striatums of male and female A.galeopteri are widen towards outside and wavy.The mouth of female with 6 lips,each of them is wider at base than distal end in A.galeopteri and rectangular in A.spinosa.Both species have dentiform protrusion from inner surface of lips,such structure absent in A.parva,but the lips with transverse festoon like pattern at anterior end of each lip.Conclusions:Using SEM,the lip and the striation pattern of three species of Auchenacantha can be clearly distinguished.Sukabumi and Ujung Kulon are new locality of A.galeopteri and A.spinosa,and A.parva is the new record in Indonesia.

Parasitic nematodes from turtles:New species and new record from Indonesia

Objective:To describe the morphological characteristics of some species of parasitic nematodes found in freshwater turtles from Sumatera(Amyda cartilaginea)and Kalimantan(Notochelys platynota).Methods:Specimens for light microscopy examination were fixed with warm 70%alcohol,cleared and mounted in lactophenol for stout specimens and glycerine for delicate specimens,prior to wet mounting.Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to an Olympus compound microscope.Specimens for scanning electron microscope examination were fixed in cacodylate buffer and glutaraldehyde,dehydrated in alcohol concentration series,dried in vacuum dried and coated with gold in Eiko-IB2 Ion Coater.Measurements were given in micrometers as the mean followed by the range in parentheses,unless otherwise stated.Results:Four species of parasitic nematodes were found,namely,Monhysterides jambiensis sp.n.(M.jambiensis),Spiroxys sumatraensis sp.n.(S.sumatraensis),Cissophyllus laverani and Cissophyllus roseus.M.jambiensis differed from Monhysterides lissemydis in ratio of right-to-left spicule(1:3 in M.jambiensis vs.1:3.8-5.6 in M.lissemydis)and had no gubernaculum.M.jambiensis also differed from Monhysterides testudinicola in longer spicule(11.2%-12.7%in M.jambiensis vs.5.6%-6%of body length),ratio right-to-left spicule(1:3 in M.jambiensis vs.1:2)and the numbers of caudal papillae and differed from Monhysterides testudinicola because of the lateral alae began from the half posterior of body,but that in M.jambiensis began from anterior part of body,behind the anterior end.S.sumatraensis differed from Spiroxys annulatus in having tooth at median lobe and having no well mark cuticular collar behind the based of lips and constriction at the base of pseudolabium was not pronounced.S.sumatraensis differed from Spiroxys transversalata in having no tooth at median lobes of each pseudolabium and differed from Spiroxys chelodinae in the unpaired position of median caudal papillae since it was more anterior than that of Spiroxys jambiensis.Additionally there was no adanal papillae in the male of Spiroxys chelodynae.S.sumatraensis also differed from Spiroxys ankarafantsika in having double papillae on each pseudolabium,more anterior of deirid and longer spicule(9.5%-12.4%vs.6%of body length in Spiroxys ankarafantsika).Two species of Cissophyllus morphologically were agreed with its previous species.Conclusions:Monhysterides spp.are found in Oriental region turtle,suborder Cryptodira,and there is no report from others zoogeographical regions.S.sumatraensis belonging to Group 2 includes three other species.This group was found in Oriental,Australian and Ethiopian,Spiroxys presumably widespread amongst the species of turtle when Gondwanaland existed.Cissophyllus laverani is a new record in Indonesia.

Parasitic nematodes of amphibians from Lombok Island,Indonesia with description of Camallanus senaruensis sp.nov.and Meteterakis lombokensis sp.nov.

Objective:To determine and describe the nematode species of amphibians collected from Lombok Island,West Nusa Tenggara,Indonesia.Methods:The materials examined were found in the intestines of twenty-four Fejervarya cancrivora(F.cancrivora),sixteen Fejervarya verruculosa,six Duttaphyrnus melanostictus(D.melanostictus)from Senaru and Gangga District,Lombok Island on April 2015.The amphibian hosts were collected by hand.Before observing the nematodes,the hosts were anesthesized to death with chloroform.The ventral of the host was opened by longitudinal incision and the internal organs were removed,placed separately in the Petri-dish and then examined under a dissecting microscope.The nematodes found were fixed with warm 70%alcohol.The specimens for light microscope observation were cleared in glycerol and mounted in the same solution,and for the SEM Jeol scanning electron microscope 5310 low vacuum were re-fixed in caccodylate buffer and glutaraldehyde,dehydrated through a graded series of alcohol and vacuum-dried using TAITEC Vacuum-96Nitrogen,prior to attaching to stubs with double sided cello-tape,coated with gold 400?thickness in an Eico I-B2 ion coater.Drawings were made with the aid of a drawing tube attached to a Nikon compound microscope.Measurements were given in micrometers(μm)as the average,followed by the range in parentheses,unless otherwise stated.Results:Two new species of nematodes were found and described herein:Camallanus senaruensis sp.nov.,and Meteterakis lombokensis sp.nov.,parasitic in the intestine of F.cancrivora and D.melanostictus,respectively.C.senaruensis differs from other congeners in having a bluntly rounded tip of tail in the male and female,the structure of trident and having teeth in the buccal capsule.Meteterakis lombokensis differs from other previously described species in having no vulval flap,has a strongly widened proximal end of spicules,forming a cup shaped,and the number of caudal papillae.Others species found are Meteterakis singaporensis from D.melanostictus,and Chabaudus rauschi(Ch.rauschi)from sixteen F.cancrivora and eight Fejervarya verruculosa.Conclusions:The species of parasitic nematodes from Lombok Island are common in amphibians,but Camallanus,Meteterakis singaporensis,Ch.rauschi are the new record in Indonesia.The dominant species found in Lombok Island is Ch.rauschi.