Near-infrared germanium(Ge) photodetectors monolithically integrated on top of silicon-on-insulator substrates are universally regarded as key enablers towards chip-scale nanophotonics, with applications ranging from ...Near-infrared germanium(Ge) photodetectors monolithically integrated on top of silicon-on-insulator substrates are universally regarded as key enablers towards chip-scale nanophotonics, with applications ranging from sensing and health monitoring to object recognition and optical communications. In this work, we report on the highdata-rate performance pin waveguide photodetectors made of a lateral hetero-structured silicon-Ge-silicon(Si-Ge-Si) junction operating under low reverse bias at 1.55 μm. The pin photodetector integration scheme considerably eases device manufacturing and is fully compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. In particular, the hetero-structured Si-Ge-Si photodetectors show efficiency-bandwidth products of^9 GHz at-1 V and ~30 GHz at-3 V, with a leakage dark current as low as ~150 nA, allowing superior signal detection of high-speed data traffic. A bit-error rate of 10-9 is achieved for conventional 10 Gbps, 20 Gbps, and25 Gbps data rates, yielding optical power sensitivities of-13.85 dBm,-12.70 dBm, and-11.25 dBm, respectively. This demonstration opens up new horizons towards cost-effective Ge pin waveguide photodetectors that combine fast device operation at low voltages with standard semiconductor fabrication processes, as desired for reliable on-chip architectures in next-generation nanophotonics integrated circuits.展开更多
In this paper, we report the experimental characterization of highly nonlinear Ge Sb S chalcogenide glass waveguides.We used a single-beam characterization protocol that accounts for the magnitude and sign of the real...In this paper, we report the experimental characterization of highly nonlinear Ge Sb S chalcogenide glass waveguides.We used a single-beam characterization protocol that accounts for the magnitude and sign of the real and imaginary parts of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of integrated Ge23 Sb7 S70(GeSbS) chalcogenide glass waveguides in the near-infrared wavelength range at λ =1580 nm. We measured a waveguide nonlinear parameter of 7.0±0.7 W^(-1)· m(-1), which corresponds to a nonlinear refractive index of n_2=0.93±0.08 × 10^(-18) m^2∕W,comparable to that of silicon, but with an 80 times lower two-photon absorption coefficient βTPA=0.010± 0.003 cm∕GW, accompanied with linear propagation losses as low as 0.5 dB/cm. The outstanding linear and nonlinear properties of Ge Sb S, with a measured nonlinear figure of merit FOMTPA=6.0 ±1.4 at λ =1580 nm, ultimately make it one of the most promising integrated platforms for the realization of nonlinear functionalities.展开更多
Nonlinear optics has not stopped evolving,offering opportunities to develop novel functionalities in photonics.Supercontinuum generation,a nonlinear optical phenomenon responsible for extreme spectral broadening,attra...Nonlinear optics has not stopped evolving,offering opportunities to develop novel functionalities in photonics.Supercontinuum generation,a nonlinear optical phenomenon responsible for extreme spectral broadening,attracts the interest of researchers due to its high potential in many applications,including sensing,imaging,or optical communications.In particular,with the emergence of silicon photonics,integrated supercontinuum sources in silicon platforms have seen tremendous progress during the past decades.This article aims at giving an overview of supercontinuum generation in three main silicon-compatible photonics platforms,namely,silicon,silicon germanium,and silicon nitride,as well as the essential theoretical elements to understand this fascinating phenomenon.展开更多
We propose an efficient and low-power second harmonic generation(SHG)process in a silicon-compatible hybrid plasmonic microring resonator.By making the microring resonator doubly resonant at the fundamental wavelength...We propose an efficient and low-power second harmonic generation(SHG)process in a silicon-compatible hybrid plasmonic microring resonator.By making the microring resonator doubly resonant at the fundamental wavelength of 3.1μm and second harmonic wavelength of 1.55μm,the SHG efficiency is enhanced by almost two orders of magnitude when compared to the previous result induced in a straight plasmonic waveguide.A SHG efficiency of 13.71%is predicted for a low pump power of 20 mW in a ring with radius of 2.325μm.This device provides a potential route for realizing efficient frequency conversion between mid-infrared and near-infrared wavebands on a chip.展开更多
This paper reports on high-performance waveguide-integrated germanium photodiodes for optical communications applications.200 mm wafers and production tools were used to fabricate the devices.Yields over 97%were obta...This paper reports on high-performance waveguide-integrated germanium photodiodes for optical communications applications.200 mm wafers and production tools were used to fabricate the devices.Yields over 97%were obtained for three different compact photodiodes(10×10μm and intrinsic region width of 0.5,0.7,and 1μm)within the same batch of three wafers.Those photodiodes exhibit low dark currents under reverse bias with median values of 74,62,and 61 nA for intrinsic widths of 0.5,0.7,and 1μm,respectively,over a full wafer.Responsivities up to 0.78 A∕W at 1550 nm and zero bias were measured.Zero bias operation is possible for 25 and 40 Gbps with receiver sensitivity estimated to−13.9 and−12.3 dBm,respectively.展开更多
We report supercontinuum generation in nitrogen-rich(N-rich)silicon nitride waveguides fabricated through back-end complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)-compatible processes on a 300 mm platform.By pumping in ...We report supercontinuum generation in nitrogen-rich(N-rich)silicon nitride waveguides fabricated through back-end complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)-compatible processes on a 300 mm platform.By pumping in the anomalous dispersion regime at a wavelength of 1200 nm,two-octave spanning spectra covering the visible and near-infrared ranges,including the O band,were obtained.Numerical calculations showed that the nonlinear index of N-rich silicon nitride is within the same order of magnitude as that of stoichiometric silicon nitride,despite the lower silicon content.N-rich silicon nitride then appears to be a promising candidate for nonlinear devices compatible with back-end CMOS processes.展开更多
We introduce a family of slot photonic crystal waveguides(SPh CWs) for the hybrid integration of low-index active materials in silicon photonics with energy-confinement factors of ~30% in low-index regions. The propos...We introduce a family of slot photonic crystal waveguides(SPh CWs) for the hybrid integration of low-index active materials in silicon photonics with energy-confinement factors of ~30% in low-index regions. The proposed approach, which is based on a periodic indentation of the etched slot in the middle of the SPh CW, makes it possible to reconcile a simultaneously narrow and wide slot for exploiting the two modes of even symmetry of a SPh CW. The resulting mode-selection mechanism allows a flexible choice of the modes to be used. Furthermore,the proposed structure offers tremendous flexibility for adjusting the dispersive properties of the slot-confined modes, in particular of their slow-light effects. Flat band slow light in a bandwidth of about 60 nm with a group velocity dispersion factor jβ_2 j below 1 ps^2∕mm is numerically demonstrated by this approach, corresponding to a normalized delay bandwidth product of around 0.4. These results, obtained from hollow-core periodic waveguides that are directly designed in view of hybrid integration of active materials in mechanically robust structures(not based on free-standing membranes) could pave the way for the realization of on-chip slow-light bio-sensing,active hybrid-silicon optoelectronic devices, or all-optical hybrid-silicon nonlinear functionalities.展开更多
Nonlinear all-optical technology is an ultimate route for the next-generation ultrafast signal processing of optical communication systems.New nonlinear functionalities need to be implemented in photonics,and complex ...Nonlinear all-optical technology is an ultimate route for the next-generation ultrafast signal processing of optical communication systems.New nonlinear functionalities need to be implemented in photonics,and complex oxides are considered as promising candidates due to their wide panel of attributes.In this context,yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)stands out,thanks to its ability to be epitaxially grown on silicon,adapting the lattice for the crystalline oxide family of materials.We report,for the first time to the best of our knowledge,a detailed theoretical and experimental study about the third-order nonlinear susceptibility in crystalline YSZ.Via self-phase modulation-induced broadening and considering the in-plane orientation of YSZ,we experimentally obtained an effective Kerr coefficient of n2YSZ=4.0±2×10^-19 m^2·W^-1 in an 8%(mole fraction)YSZ waveguide.In agreement with the theoretically predicted n2YSZ=1.3×10^-19 m^2·W^-1,the third-order nonlinear coefficient of YSZ is comparable with the one of silicon nitride,which is already being used in nonlinear optics.These promising results are a new step toward the implementation of functional oxides for nonlinear optical applications.展开更多
Dispersion engineering of optical waveguides is among the most important steps in enabling the realization of Kerr optical frequency combs.A recurring problem is the limited bandwidth in which the nonlinear phase matc...Dispersion engineering of optical waveguides is among the most important steps in enabling the realization of Kerr optical frequency combs.A recurring problem is the limited bandwidth in which the nonlinear phase matching condition is satisfied,due to the dispersion of the waveguide.This limitation is particularly stringent in high-index-contrast technologies such as silicon-on-insulator.We propose a general approach to stretch the bandwidth of Kerr frequency combs based on subwavelength engineering of single-mode waveguides with self-adaptive boundaries.The wideband flattened dispersion operation comes from the particular property of the waveguide optical mode that automatically self-adapts its spatial profile at different wavelengths to slightly different effective spatial spans determined by its effective index values.This flattened dispersion relies on the squeezing of small normal-dispersion regions between two anomalous spectral zones,which enables it to achieve two Cherenkov radiation points and substantially broaden the comb,achieving a bandwidth between 2.2 and 3.4μm wavelength.This strategy opens up a design space for trimming the spectra of Kerr frequency combs using high-index-contrast platforms and can provide benefits to various nonlinear applications in which the manipulation of energy spacing and phase matching are pivotal.展开更多
The field of nonlinear photonics is in full development. This special issue of Photonics Research takes you through the current issues of this fast-growing field of research, drawing on the current state of the art an...The field of nonlinear photonics is in full development. This special issue of Photonics Research takes you through the current issues of this fast-growing field of research, drawing on the current state of the art and seeking, through a selection of articles, to outline some trends for the future.展开更多
Interests surrounding the development of on-chip nonlinear optical devices have been consistently growing in the past decades due to the tremendous applications,such as quantum photonics,all-optical communications,opt...Interests surrounding the development of on-chip nonlinear optical devices have been consistently growing in the past decades due to the tremendous applications,such as quantum photonics,all-optical communications,optical computing,on-chip metrology,and sensing.Developing efficient on-chip nonlinear optical devices to meet the requirements of those applications brings the need for new directions to improve the existing photonic approaches.Recent research has directed the field of on-chip nonlinear optics toward the hybrid integration of two-dimensional layered materials(such as graphene,transition metal dichalcogenides,and black phosphorous)with various integrated platforms.The combination of well-known photonic chip design platforms(e.g.,silicon,silicon nitride)and different two-dimensional layered materials has opened the road for more versatile and efficient structures and devices,which has the great potential to unlock numerous new possibilities.This review discusses the modeling and characterization of different hybrid photonic integration structures with two-dimensional materials,highlights the current state of the art examples,and presents an outlook for future prospects.展开更多
基金H2020 European Research Council(ERC)(ERC POPSTAR No.647342)
文摘Near-infrared germanium(Ge) photodetectors monolithically integrated on top of silicon-on-insulator substrates are universally regarded as key enablers towards chip-scale nanophotonics, with applications ranging from sensing and health monitoring to object recognition and optical communications. In this work, we report on the highdata-rate performance pin waveguide photodetectors made of a lateral hetero-structured silicon-Ge-silicon(Si-Ge-Si) junction operating under low reverse bias at 1.55 μm. The pin photodetector integration scheme considerably eases device manufacturing and is fully compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. In particular, the hetero-structured Si-Ge-Si photodetectors show efficiency-bandwidth products of^9 GHz at-1 V and ~30 GHz at-3 V, with a leakage dark current as low as ~150 nA, allowing superior signal detection of high-speed data traffic. A bit-error rate of 10-9 is achieved for conventional 10 Gbps, 20 Gbps, and25 Gbps data rates, yielding optical power sensitivities of-13.85 dBm,-12.70 dBm, and-11.25 dBm, respectively. This demonstration opens up new horizons towards cost-effective Ge pin waveguide photodetectors that combine fast device operation at low voltages with standard semiconductor fabrication processes, as desired for reliable on-chip architectures in next-generation nanophotonics integrated circuits.
基金H2020 European Research Council(ERC)(647342)U.S. National Science Foundation(NSF)(1506605)French RENATECH Network
文摘In this paper, we report the experimental characterization of highly nonlinear Ge Sb S chalcogenide glass waveguides.We used a single-beam characterization protocol that accounts for the magnitude and sign of the real and imaginary parts of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of integrated Ge23 Sb7 S70(GeSbS) chalcogenide glass waveguides in the near-infrared wavelength range at λ =1580 nm. We measured a waveguide nonlinear parameter of 7.0±0.7 W^(-1)· m(-1), which corresponds to a nonlinear refractive index of n_2=0.93±0.08 × 10^(-18) m^2∕W,comparable to that of silicon, but with an 80 times lower two-photon absorption coefficient βTPA=0.010± 0.003 cm∕GW, accompanied with linear propagation losses as low as 0.5 dB/cm. The outstanding linear and nonlinear properties of Ge Sb S, with a measured nonlinear figure of merit FOMTPA=6.0 ±1.4 at λ =1580 nm, ultimately make it one of the most promising integrated platforms for the realization of nonlinear functionalities.
基金Reseau RENATECHConseil Departemental de l’Essonne+2 种基金Ministere de TEconomie,des Finances et de Flndustrie(Nano2022 IPCEI)Agence Nationale de la Recherche(ANR-17-CE09-0041,ANR-19-CE24-0002-01)H2020 European Research Council(639107,647342).
文摘Nonlinear optics has not stopped evolving,offering opportunities to develop novel functionalities in photonics.Supercontinuum generation,a nonlinear optical phenomenon responsible for extreme spectral broadening,attracts the interest of researchers due to its high potential in many applications,including sensing,imaging,or optical communications.In particular,with the emergence of silicon photonics,integrated supercontinuum sources in silicon platforms have seen tremendous progress during the past decades.This article aims at giving an overview of supercontinuum generation in three main silicon-compatible photonics platforms,namely,silicon,silicon germanium,and silicon nitride,as well as the essential theoretical elements to understand this fascinating phenomenon.
基金the NSFC Major International Joint Research Project(No.61320106016)the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB301704)+1 种基金the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.61125501)the ANR Program Blanc International POSISLOT(2012,9035RA13)/NSFC(612111022).
文摘We propose an efficient and low-power second harmonic generation(SHG)process in a silicon-compatible hybrid plasmonic microring resonator.By making the microring resonator doubly resonant at the fundamental wavelength of 3.1μm and second harmonic wavelength of 1.55μm,the SHG efficiency is enhanced by almost two orders of magnitude when compared to the previous result induced in a straight plasmonic waveguide.A SHG efficiency of 13.71%is predicted for a low pump power of 20 mW in a ring with radius of 2.325μm.This device provides a potential route for realizing efficient frequency conversion between mid-infrared and near-infrared wavebands on a chip.
文摘This paper reports on high-performance waveguide-integrated germanium photodiodes for optical communications applications.200 mm wafers and production tools were used to fabricate the devices.Yields over 97%were obtained for three different compact photodiodes(10×10μm and intrinsic region width of 0.5,0.7,and 1μm)within the same batch of three wafers.Those photodiodes exhibit low dark currents under reverse bias with median values of 74,62,and 61 nA for intrinsic widths of 0.5,0.7,and 1μm,respectively,over a full wafer.Responsivities up to 0.78 A∕W at 1550 nm and zero bias were measured.Zero bias operation is possible for 25 and 40 Gbps with receiver sensitivity estimated to−13.9 and−12.3 dBm,respectively.
基金European Research CouncilAgence Nationale de la RechercheAstre Essonne。
文摘We report supercontinuum generation in nitrogen-rich(N-rich)silicon nitride waveguides fabricated through back-end complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)-compatible processes on a 300 mm platform.By pumping in the anomalous dispersion regime at a wavelength of 1200 nm,two-octave spanning spectra covering the visible and near-infrared ranges,including the O band,were obtained.Numerical calculations showed that the nonlinear index of N-rich silicon nitride is within the same order of magnitude as that of stoichiometric silicon nitride,despite the lower silicon content.N-rich silicon nitride then appears to be a promising candidate for nonlinear devices compatible with back-end CMOS processes.
文摘We introduce a family of slot photonic crystal waveguides(SPh CWs) for the hybrid integration of low-index active materials in silicon photonics with energy-confinement factors of ~30% in low-index regions. The proposed approach, which is based on a periodic indentation of the etched slot in the middle of the SPh CW, makes it possible to reconcile a simultaneously narrow and wide slot for exploiting the two modes of even symmetry of a SPh CW. The resulting mode-selection mechanism allows a flexible choice of the modes to be used. Furthermore,the proposed structure offers tremendous flexibility for adjusting the dispersive properties of the slot-confined modes, in particular of their slow-light effects. Flat band slow light in a bandwidth of about 60 nm with a group velocity dispersion factor jβ_2 j below 1 ps^2∕mm is numerically demonstrated by this approach, corresponding to a normalized delay bandwidth product of around 0.4. These results, obtained from hollow-core periodic waveguides that are directly designed in view of hybrid integration of active materials in mechanically robust structures(not based on free-standing membranes) could pave the way for the realization of on-chip slow-light bio-sensing,active hybrid-silicon optoelectronic devices, or all-optical hybrid-silicon nonlinear functionalities.
基金European Research Council(647342)Agence Nationale de la Recherche(10-EQPX-0050)。
文摘Nonlinear all-optical technology is an ultimate route for the next-generation ultrafast signal processing of optical communication systems.New nonlinear functionalities need to be implemented in photonics,and complex oxides are considered as promising candidates due to their wide panel of attributes.In this context,yttria-stabilized zirconia(YSZ)stands out,thanks to its ability to be epitaxially grown on silicon,adapting the lattice for the crystalline oxide family of materials.We report,for the first time to the best of our knowledge,a detailed theoretical and experimental study about the third-order nonlinear susceptibility in crystalline YSZ.Via self-phase modulation-induced broadening and considering the in-plane orientation of YSZ,we experimentally obtained an effective Kerr coefficient of n2YSZ=4.0±2×10^-19 m^2·W^-1 in an 8%(mole fraction)YSZ waveguide.In agreement with the theoretically predicted n2YSZ=1.3×10^-19 m^2·W^-1,the third-order nonlinear coefficient of YSZ is comparable with the one of silicon nitride,which is already being used in nonlinear optics.These promising results are a new step toward the implementation of functional oxides for nonlinear optical applications.
基金the French national research agency(BRIGHT ANR project)
文摘Dispersion engineering of optical waveguides is among the most important steps in enabling the realization of Kerr optical frequency combs.A recurring problem is the limited bandwidth in which the nonlinear phase matching condition is satisfied,due to the dispersion of the waveguide.This limitation is particularly stringent in high-index-contrast technologies such as silicon-on-insulator.We propose a general approach to stretch the bandwidth of Kerr frequency combs based on subwavelength engineering of single-mode waveguides with self-adaptive boundaries.The wideband flattened dispersion operation comes from the particular property of the waveguide optical mode that automatically self-adapts its spatial profile at different wavelengths to slightly different effective spatial spans determined by its effective index values.This flattened dispersion relies on the squeezing of small normal-dispersion regions between two anomalous spectral zones,which enables it to achieve two Cherenkov radiation points and substantially broaden the comb,achieving a bandwidth between 2.2 and 3.4μm wavelength.This strategy opens up a design space for trimming the spectra of Kerr frequency combs using high-index-contrast platforms and can provide benefits to various nonlinear applications in which the manipulation of energy spacing and phase matching are pivotal.
文摘The field of nonlinear photonics is in full development. This special issue of Photonics Research takes you through the current issues of this fast-growing field of research, drawing on the current state of the art and seeking, through a selection of articles, to outline some trends for the future.
基金supported by Paris Saclay University within the Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology(C2N)in France and Aalto University in Finland.ZS thanks fundings from the Academy of Finland(314810,333982,336144,336818,352780,353364)the Academy of Finland Flagship Programme(320167,PREIN)the EU H2020-MSCA-RISE-872049(IPN-Bio),and ERC(834742).
文摘Interests surrounding the development of on-chip nonlinear optical devices have been consistently growing in the past decades due to the tremendous applications,such as quantum photonics,all-optical communications,optical computing,on-chip metrology,and sensing.Developing efficient on-chip nonlinear optical devices to meet the requirements of those applications brings the need for new directions to improve the existing photonic approaches.Recent research has directed the field of on-chip nonlinear optics toward the hybrid integration of two-dimensional layered materials(such as graphene,transition metal dichalcogenides,and black phosphorous)with various integrated platforms.The combination of well-known photonic chip design platforms(e.g.,silicon,silicon nitride)and different two-dimensional layered materials has opened the road for more versatile and efficient structures and devices,which has the great potential to unlock numerous new possibilities.This review discusses the modeling and characterization of different hybrid photonic integration structures with two-dimensional materials,highlights the current state of the art examples,and presents an outlook for future prospects.