Wing polyphenism is a common phenomenon that plays key roles in environmental adaptation of insects.Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling(IIS)pathway is a highly conserved pathway in regulation of metabolism,de...Wing polyphenism is a common phenomenon that plays key roles in environmental adaptation of insects.Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling(IIS)pathway is a highly conserved pathway in regulation of metabolism,development,and growth in metazoans.It has been reported that IS is required for switching of wing morph in brown planthopper via regulating the development of the wing pad.However,it remains elusive whether and how IIS pathway regulates transgenerational wing dimorphism in aphid.In this study,we found that pairing and solitary treatments can induce pea aphids to produce high and low percentage winged offspring,respectively.The expression level of ILP5(insulin-like peptide 5)in maternal head was significantly higher upon solitary treatment in comparison with pairing,while silencing of ILP5 caused no obvious change in the winged offspring ratio.RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FoxO(Forkhead transcription factor subgroup O)in stage 20 embryos significantly increased the winged offspring ratio.The results of pharmacological and quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that the embryonic insulin receptors may not be involved in wing polyphenism.Additionally,ILP4 and ILP11 exhibited higher expression levels in 1st wingless offspring than in winged offspring.We demonstrate that FoxO negatively regulates the wing morph development in embryos.ILPs may regulate aphid wing polyphenism in a developmental stage-specific manner.However,the regulation may be not mediated by the canonical IIS pathway.The findings advance our understanding of IIS pathway in insect transgenerational wing polyphenism.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 31970453)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(grant number CXGC2022E04)the State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents(grant numbers IPM2206).
文摘Wing polyphenism is a common phenomenon that plays key roles in environmental adaptation of insects.Insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling(IIS)pathway is a highly conserved pathway in regulation of metabolism,development,and growth in metazoans.It has been reported that IS is required for switching of wing morph in brown planthopper via regulating the development of the wing pad.However,it remains elusive whether and how IIS pathway regulates transgenerational wing dimorphism in aphid.In this study,we found that pairing and solitary treatments can induce pea aphids to produce high and low percentage winged offspring,respectively.The expression level of ILP5(insulin-like peptide 5)in maternal head was significantly higher upon solitary treatment in comparison with pairing,while silencing of ILP5 caused no obvious change in the winged offspring ratio.RNA interference-mediated knockdown of FoxO(Forkhead transcription factor subgroup O)in stage 20 embryos significantly increased the winged offspring ratio.The results of pharmacological and quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments showed that the embryonic insulin receptors may not be involved in wing polyphenism.Additionally,ILP4 and ILP11 exhibited higher expression levels in 1st wingless offspring than in winged offspring.We demonstrate that FoxO negatively regulates the wing morph development in embryos.ILPs may regulate aphid wing polyphenism in a developmental stage-specific manner.However,the regulation may be not mediated by the canonical IIS pathway.The findings advance our understanding of IIS pathway in insect transgenerational wing polyphenism.
