Characteristics of indoor/outdoor PM_(2.5) and elemental components in generic urban, roadside and industrial plant areas of Guangzhou City, China

Quantitative information on mass concentrations and other characteristics, such as spatial distribution, seasonal variation, indoor/outdoor （I/O） ratio, correlations and sources, of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 and elemental components in Guangzhou City were provided. Mass concentration of PM2.5 and elemental components were determined by standard weight method and proton-induced X-ray emission （PIXE） method. 18 elements were detected, the results showed positive results. Average indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in nine sites were in the range of 67.7-74.5μg/m^3 for summer period, and 109.9-123.7 μg/m^3 for winter period, respectively. The sum of 18 elements average concentrations were 5362.6-5533.4 ng/m^3 for summer period, and 8416.8-8900.6 ng/m^3 for winter period, respectively. Average concentrations of PM2.5 and element components showed obvious spatial characteristic, that the concentrations in roadside area and in industrial plant area were higher than those in generic urban area. An obvious seasonal variation characteristic was found for PM2.5 and elemental components, that the concentrations in winter were higher than that in summer. The I/O ratio of PM2.5 and some elemental components presented larger than 1 sometimes. According to indoor/outdoor correlation of PM2.5 and element concentrations, it was found that there were often good relationships between indoor and outdoor concentrations. Enrichment factors were calculated to evaluate anthropogenic versus natural elements sources.

STUDY OF THE VERTICAL WIND FIELD STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PM2.5 AIR POLLUTION OVER THE PEARL RIVER DELTA IN AUTUMN

Meteorological conditions,particularly the vertical wind field structure,have a direct influence on the PM2.5 concentrations over the Pearl River Delta(PRD).In October 2012,an exceptional air pollution event occurred in the PRD,and a high concentration of PM2.5 was registered at some stations.During days with PM2.5 air pollution,the wind speed was less than 3 m s-1 at the surface,and the vertical wind field featured a weak wind layer(WWL)with a thickness of approximately 1000 m.The mean atmospheric boundary layer height was less than 500 m during pollution days,but it was greater than 1400 m during non-pollution days.A strong negative correlation was detected between the PM2.5 concentration and the ventilation index(VI).The VI was less than 2000 m2 s-1 during PM2.5 air pollution days.Because of the weak wind,sea-land breezes occurred frequently,the recirculation factor(RF)values were small at a height of 800 m during pollution days,and the zones with the lowest RF values always occurred between the heights of 300 and 600 m.The RF values during PM2.5 pollution days were approximately 0.4 to 0.6 below a height of 800 m,reducing the transportation capacity of the wind field to only 40%to 60%.The RF and wind profile characteristics indicated that sealand breezes were highly important in the accumulation of PM2.5 air pollution in the PRD.The sea breezes may transport pollutants back inland and may result in the peak PM2.5 concentrations at night.

线上降雨灾情检测系统设计与应用

结合社会媒体大数据获取城市降雨灾情数据和开展灾害风险评估是一种新的可行途径。但互联网数据量大,有效处理数据是工作中的难点。为此提出利用社交媒体数据,并基于降雨专业词汇、广州地区语言特色、支持向量机算法以构建降雨灾情文档分类模型。同时根据数据采集与预处理、降雨灾情文档分类模型、灾情权重分级和热点分析的流程设计了广州线上降雨灾情检测系统。该系统采用B/S架构,利用WEB与GIS技术,实现了灾情应用管理、风险告警、数据分类、数据过滤、数据采集的功能。实际运行效果表明,系统利用机器学习算法解决了大量数据处理效率低下的问题,同时通过灾情热点分析结合利用气象雷达、自动站观测数据进一步提高灾情提取的准确度,以自动检测和评估降雨雨情、灾情的状态是可行的,在灾情收集业务应用上具有一定的参考价值。

湖南省冬汛期两次暴雨天气过程对比分析

利用NCEP/NCAR分辨率1°×1°的再分析资料,从环流形势、水汽、动力以及不稳定层结4个方面,对比分析2015年11月发生在湖南省两次秋冬季暴雨天气过程。结果表明,两次暴雨过程与异常的大尺度环流背景有关。副高面积偏大强度偏强有利于水汽沿着副高西南侧汇入湖南省,极涡的强度较常年平均异常偏强,使得冷空气强度偏强,南下的强冷空气与北上的暖湿气流交汇,引发强降水天气过程。地面倒槽和中低层低涡切变是两次强降水过程的主要影响系统,过程2地面倒槽强度较强、范围较广且移动缓慢,对应中低层低涡切变强度较大,过程1地面倒槽和中低层低涡切变无论是强度、范围还是持续时间都不及过程2。700 hPa的水汽是两次区域性暴雨的主要输送源,过程1水汽主要来源于南海,过程2来源于孟加拉湾,且水汽条件强于过程1。过程1垂直上升运动区向上延伸的高度更高,低层辐合层深厚,锋区较强,有不稳定能量积累。过程2主要以稳定性降水为主,垂直上升运动、辐合辐散配置较浅薄,主要集中在中低层。