Cereal aphids are major insect pests of wheat,which cause significant damages to wheat production.Previous studies mainly focused on the resista nee of differe nt wheat varieties to one specific aphid species.However,...Cereal aphids are major insect pests of wheat,which cause significant damages to wheat production.Previous studies mainly focused on the resista nee of differe nt wheat varieties to one specific aphid species.However,reports on the physiology and defense responses of wheat to different cereal aphids are basically lacking.In this work,we studied the feeding behavior of three cereal aphids:the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae(Fabricius),the greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum(Ron dani),and the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi(Linn aeus)on win ter wheat,and the physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of these cereal aphids with focus on how these cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to optimize their nutrition requirement from wheat leaves.Our results indicated that S.graminum and R.padi were better adapted to penetrating phloem tissue and to collect more nutrition than S.avenae.The harm on wheat physiology committed by S.graminum and R.padi was severer than that by S.avenae,through reducing chlorophyll concentration and interfering metabolism genes.Furthermore,cereal aphids manipulated the plant nutrition metabolism by increasing the relative concentration of major amino acids and percentage of essential amino acids.In addition,different cereal aphids triggered specific defense response in wheat.All of these results suggested that different cereal aphids utilize diverge nt strategies to cha nge the physiological and defe nse resp on ses of their host plants in order to optimize their nutriti on absorption and requireme nt.These fin dings not only exte nd our current knowledge on the insect-pla nt in teractions but also provide useful clues to develop no vel biotech no logical strategies for enhancing the resistance and toleranee of crop plants against phloem-feeding insects.展开更多
A multilayer film(multi-film),consisting of alternate Er-Si-codoped Al_(2)O_(3)(ESA)and Si−doped Al_(2)O_(3)(SA)sublayers,is synthesized by co−sputtering from separated Er,Si,and Al2O3 targets.The dependence of Er^(3+...A multilayer film(multi-film),consisting of alternate Er-Si-codoped Al_(2)O_(3)(ESA)and Si−doped Al_(2)O_(3)(SA)sublayers,is synthesized by co−sputtering from separated Er,Si,and Al2O3 targets.The dependence of Er^(3+)related photoluminescence(PL)properties on annealing temperatures over 700–1100°C is studied.The maximum intensity of Er^(3+) photoluminance(PL),about 10 times higher than that of the monolayer film,is obtained from the multi−film annealed at 950°C.The enhancement of Er^(3+) PL intensity is attributed to the energy transfer from the silicon nanocrystals(Si−NCs)to the neighboring Er^(3+) ions.The effective characteristic interaction distance(or the critical ET length)between Er and carriers(Si−NCs)is∼3 nm.The PL intensity exhibits a nonmonotonic temperature dependence.Meanwhile,the PL integrated intensity at room temperature is about 30%higher than that at 14 K.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the earmarked fund of China Agriculture Research System(CARS-23-D06).
文摘Cereal aphids are major insect pests of wheat,which cause significant damages to wheat production.Previous studies mainly focused on the resista nee of differe nt wheat varieties to one specific aphid species.However,reports on the physiology and defense responses of wheat to different cereal aphids are basically lacking.In this work,we studied the feeding behavior of three cereal aphids:the grain aphid,Sitobion avenae(Fabricius),the greenbugs,Schizaphis graminum(Ron dani),and the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi(Linn aeus)on win ter wheat,and the physiology and defense responses of wheat to the infestation of these cereal aphids with focus on how these cereal aphids utilize divergent strategies to optimize their nutrition requirement from wheat leaves.Our results indicated that S.graminum and R.padi were better adapted to penetrating phloem tissue and to collect more nutrition than S.avenae.The harm on wheat physiology committed by S.graminum and R.padi was severer than that by S.avenae,through reducing chlorophyll concentration and interfering metabolism genes.Furthermore,cereal aphids manipulated the plant nutrition metabolism by increasing the relative concentration of major amino acids and percentage of essential amino acids.In addition,different cereal aphids triggered specific defense response in wheat.All of these results suggested that different cereal aphids utilize diverge nt strategies to cha nge the physiological and defe nse resp on ses of their host plants in order to optimize their nutriti on absorption and requireme nt.These fin dings not only exte nd our current knowledge on the insect-pla nt in teractions but also provide useful clues to develop no vel biotech no logical strategies for enhancing the resistance and toleranee of crop plants against phloem-feeding insects.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 50602029the Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain(SB2005-003)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China under Grant No 2011CB925601the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission,the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission,and the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project(No S30105).
文摘A multilayer film(multi-film),consisting of alternate Er-Si-codoped Al_(2)O_(3)(ESA)and Si−doped Al_(2)O_(3)(SA)sublayers,is synthesized by co−sputtering from separated Er,Si,and Al2O3 targets.The dependence of Er^(3+)related photoluminescence(PL)properties on annealing temperatures over 700–1100°C is studied.The maximum intensity of Er^(3+) photoluminance(PL),about 10 times higher than that of the monolayer film,is obtained from the multi−film annealed at 950°C.The enhancement of Er^(3+) PL intensity is attributed to the energy transfer from the silicon nanocrystals(Si−NCs)to the neighboring Er^(3+) ions.The effective characteristic interaction distance(or the critical ET length)between Er and carriers(Si−NCs)is∼3 nm.The PL intensity exhibits a nonmonotonic temperature dependence.Meanwhile,the PL integrated intensity at room temperature is about 30%higher than that at 14 K.
