基于化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤研究进展

石油作为现代工业的血液,被广泛应用于各行各业.但是,其带来的环境污染问题不容忽视,尤其是泄漏等生产事故诱发的土壤污染.化学氧化法因具有修复效能高、成本低及操作便利等优势,常用于石油烃污染土壤修复.本文重点综述了基于过氧化氢和过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术修复石油烃污染土壤过程中常用的活化剂、强化措施、关键影响因素及其效能;汇总了其他氧化剂在修复石油烃污染土壤方面的效果;分析了不同高级氧化技术应用于石油烃污染土壤修复的优缺点;展望了化学氧化法修复石油烃污染土壤未来的发展方向与挑战.

4种常用铁基材料非均相芬顿降解四环素的研究

为了筛选出成本低廉且快速有效的非均相芬顿催化剂,对比了Fe^0、Fe_3O_4、Fe_2O_3、α-FeOOH等4种常见非均相催化剂对四环素的去除效果;通过比表面积分析仪(BET)、激光粒度仪(LDI)分析了4种材料的理化特性;探究了4种材料的质量浓度、双氧水浓度、反应体系初始p H的影响,对比研究了4种材料非均相芬顿降解四环素的反应动力学,结果表明:Fe0不仅催化降解效果最好(对四环素的降解率为88.77%)、具有更宽的p H适用范围,而且价格低廉;最后,结合4种材料非均相芬顿降解四环素的TOC去除率、重复利用效率对比分析、荧光光谱法分析,最终筛选出Fe0为非均相芬顿降解四环素的最佳催化剂.

电子废物拆解场地复合污染土壤修复技术研究进展

电子废物拆解场地土壤中含有重金属、有机物等多种复杂污染物,对场地周围人群的健康与安全具有潜在威胁。概述了国内外复合污染土壤修复技术发展历程与研究现状,对比了化学修复、物理修复、生物修复技术在目标污染物、修复时间与修复效果上的差异,指出复合污染修复是未来研究的主要方向,修复技术将向多种技术联合应用发展、向绿色环保方向发展,后期应针对电子废物拆解场地土壤污染特征,开发出低成本、高效率、稳定性好、绿色安全的产业化技术。

Heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in the surface sediments of mangrove swamps from coastal sites along the Leizhou Peninsula,South China

Contents of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PA Hs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） and hexachlorcy- clohexanes （HCHs） in surface sediments from mangrove areas of the Leizhou Peninsula were analyzed in July and November 2005. Risk assessment criteria applied by Long E R et al. （1995） and Long E D et al. （1995） （effects range low, ERL; effects range mean, ERM） of chemicals in sediments from the gulf or estuary were used to assess the potential ecological risks of heavy metals, PAHs, DDTs and HCHs to aquatic organisms in the studied area. The results indicated that the average contents of zinc, nickel, chromium, lead, copper, arsenic and mercury were （61.97 ± 55.87）, （59.99 ± 39.01 ）, （47.93 ± 28.37）, （26.64± 13.00） , （23.45 ± 41.96）, （9.32 ± 3.62）, （0.14 ± 0.18） mg/kg in dry weight in the sediment samples col- lected from five studied sites in the Leizhou Peninsula, respectively. Cadmium was not calculated due to its content being below the detection limit （ 〈 0.3 mg,/kg）. The average levels of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg exceed their background values. The average contents of Ni were higher than ERM. The contents of PAHs in the sediments from the five studied sites were （79.78 ± 43.70） ng/g in dry weight, far lower than ERL（4 022 ng/g）. The contents of DDE, DDD and DDTs in the sediments from five studied sites were （2.60 ± 4.68）, （ 17.52 ± 27.25 ）, （27.78 ± 46.64） ng/g in dry weight respectively, clearly higher than ERL, and the average contents of DDT were （7.66 ± 15.93） ng/g in dry weight, much higher than ERM. HCHs could be detected in the sediments only from Gaoqiao sampling site, with the average contents （0.07 ± 0.08） ng/g in dry weight.

Ecological influence of exotic plants of Sonneratia apetala on understory macrofauna

The study aims to compare the differences of macrofauna communities of wetlands at 3-year-forest- age, 5-year-forest-age Sonneratia apetala artificial mangroves, 5-year-forest-age Kandelia candel ar- tificial mangroves with the same restoration background, and the naked tidal flat in the Qi’ao Island Mangrove Nature Reserve of Zhuhai, Guangdong Province. The results show that there were signif- icant structural differences in macrofauna communities among four kinds of habitats. The increase of biomass and species diversity of macrofauna at 3-year-forest-age S. apetala artificial mangroves was obviously faster than that at 5-year-forest-age K. candel artificial mangroves whose average tree height was close to that of 3-year-forest-age S. apetala artificial mangroves. The BIOENV analysis shows that it was related to the rapid growth of S. apetala, which rapidly changed the light level and shading conditions in the forests. The 5-year-forest-age S. apetala artificial mangroves had lower macrofauna species diversity but higher density and biomass than K. candel artificial mangroves with the same forest age. This was due to the rapid changes of physical and chemical properties of habitat soil by the ecological restoration of S. apetala artificial mangroves as well as the changed food sources possibly caused by the leaf-litter of such non-indigenous mangrove species S. apetala. However, further survey should be conducted on whether there are any negative ecological impacts of large-scale cultivation of S. apetala on macrofauna communities, so as to evaluate correctly S. apetala’s role in the restoration of coastal mangrove ecosystems.

Comparative Studies on Uptake Pathway of Cadmium by Perna viridis

实验被设计暴露喂过滤器的瓣鳃类 Perna viridisto 不同的污染 Cd 的水环境以便比较 Cd 通过被积累的不同小径。结果证明贻贝能在时间的一个短时期通过海水，食物，沉积和推迟的粒子小径积累 Cd。贻贝“通过海水小径的 Cd 的举起到达最高的集中比通过水藻和沉积小径大约 3 和 9 倍分别地在 7 d 以后。这显示通过海水的 theCd 累积是很有效的。结果也显示举起直接通过贻贝摄取的污染水藻，粒子或沉积是不太重要的什么时候与由通过海水小径的贻贝的 Cd 的举起相比。由海洋的瓣鳃类的简历累积的金属举起小径和机制也在这篇论文被讨论。

Ecological indicators showing the succession of macrofauna communities in Sonneratia apetala artificial mangrove wetlands on Qi'ao Island at Zhuhai, South China

The Sonneratia apetala artificial mangroves in the intertidal zone of Da Wei Bay at Qi’ao Island of Zhu-hai, South China were chosen as the macrofauna succession plots while bare tidal flats of the same size were established as control plots in surrounding interference-free areas. Conventional change indicators of community structure, such as biomass and biodiversity, and indicators, such as exergy and specific exergy, which reflect the information change of overall communities, were used to analyze the succession of macro-fauna communities inS. apetala artificial mangroves. The similarities and differences in variation tendency of the different ecological indicators and their reflected ecological principles were compared. The results showed that from D-1 to D-1275 after plantingS. apetala, the biomass of the macrofauna communities first increased, which was then followed by an increase in the network relationship between the macrofauna communities （analysis of the Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. The system in-formation （specific exergy） increased the slowest. Between D-1460 and D-2370 after plantingS. apetala, there was a decrease in biomass, network structure, and system information in the succession plots. After the decrease in the system information （the specific exergy）, there was a decline in the network relationships （Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index）. Biomass was the last indicator to decrease. The similarities and differences among the different ecological indicators varied during the succession pro-cess, which reflected the relativity and differences among the indicators. This study suggested that, although the species diversity index can be an effective indicator of two types of changes （network structure and system information）, it was quite clear that species diversity measurement was not suitable for expressing the changes in biomass during the succession process. While exergy and specific exergy can provide useful information about the structural development of communities, they cannot identify the information state of the system. Therefore, when evaluating macrofaunal succession inS. apetala artificial mangrove wetlands, it would be better to apply a number of different ecological indicators, rather than just one single indicator.

Statolith Morphology of the Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis in the Central South China Sea

The morphology, microstructure and demographic parameters of statolith of Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis were studied from 90 individuals captured in the central South China Sea in September and October, 2012. The marphologic results showed that the statolith has great lateral dome and wing dome, small dorsal dome, and long narrow rostrum dome. S. Oualaniensis could be divided into three populations by statolith morphology in the central South China Sea. Five most important featured parameters including total statolith length （TSL）, wing length （WL）, maximum width （MW） were described by logarithmic functions with mental length （ML） （P 〈 0.05 ） ; rostnnn length （ RSL）, dorsolateral length （DLL） were described by linear functions with ML（ P 〈 0.05 ）. With the squid growth, the size of statolith gradually develops, while the ratio of each featured parameter to ML slowly decreases, the ratio of DLL, LDL, RSL and WL to TSL almost remain the same level, corresponding to 48.05%, 60.05%, 35.44%, 67.59%, and the ratio of LDL and WL to SL show little higher.

我国有机物污染场地土壤修复技术的专利计量分析

以我国公开的691项有机物污染场地土壤修复技术专利为依据,分析研究了有机物污染场地土壤修复技术的发展趋势和进展,同时对化学氧化修复技术、生物修复技术、热脱附技术、淋洗技术等的研究进展进行分析,总结了目前国内有机物污染场地修复专利技术发展现状,并提出了今后的发展方向,以期为我国今后开展相关修复技术的研究与应用提供参考。结果显示:我国有机物污染场地土壤修复技术相关专利于2010年后开始快速发展,研究创新点基本集中于高效技术的开发、节能以及二次污染的防治;热脱附技术在该领域应用广泛;氧化修复技术的开发是2017年的技术发展特点,具有一定的研究前景;而联合多种修复技术更能灵活地适用于实际场地修复的需要,其已成为重要的研究趋势。