糜子优异种质资源品质性状分析与综合评价

系统评价糜子种质资源品质性状多样性,为糜子种质资源创新和品质育种提供理论依据。本研究对301份糜子种质资源的外观品质、营养品质、糊化特性进行了遗传多样性、相关性和主成分分析。试验结果表明,糜子种质资源在主要品质性状上均表现出较为丰富的变异。直链淀粉含量与红绿值、千粒重、谷值粘度、终值黏度、回生值、糊化时间、糊化温度呈极显著正相关,与峰值黏度、破损值呈极显著负相关;蛋白质含量与红绿值、峰值黏度、谷值粘度、破损值、终值黏度呈极显著负相关;脂肪含量与红绿值、千粒重、谷值粘度、破损值、终值黏度呈极显著负相关。通过对17个品质指标进行主成分分析,提取出4个主成分,累计贡献率达到79.00%,表明4个主成分反映了糜子资源大部分的性状信息。

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对甜荞光合特性、产量及硒积累效应的影响

膳食补硒是人类摄入硒的主要途径,通过硒生物强化技术能有效提高作物硒含量。本研究以甜荞品种西农9976为试验材料,亚硒酸钠为硒源,采用大田试验,设置纯硒施用量0(Se0)、5(Se5)和20 g hm^(-2)(Se20)3个水平。于2020—2021年连续两个作物生长季,研究不同外源硒浓度下甜荞光合特性、干物质积累与转运、农艺性状及产量的变化规律及其对各器官硒含量、硒转运因子及籽粒硒利用率的影响。结果表明,叶面喷施亚硒酸钠使甜荞叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO_(2)浓度(Ci)和水分利用效率(WUE)较对照平均增加13.12%、11.50%、5.48%、5.95%和5.77%,改善了叶片光合物质生产能力;喷硒处理显著增加甜荞叶片光系统Ⅱ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSII))及光化学淬灭系数(qp),降低非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ),使其增强对光能的捕获及转化能力,减少无效光能损失,提高对高光的利用能力。两个施硒量下,甜荞茎部和叶部的干物质积累量较Se0处理显著上升而分配比例显著下降;籽粒的干物质积累量和分配比例均得到提高;茎部和叶部的干物质转运量、移动率和对籽粒的贡献率分别在Se5和Se20浓度下出现最大值。喷硒处理使甜荞千粒重、单株粒数和产量较对照分别提高3.1%~11.3%、13.5%~32.0%和4.9%~23.2%。甜荞各部位硒含量和转运因子在Se20处理下出现最大值,而籽粒硒的利用率在Se5处理下较高。综上所述,叶面喷施亚硒酸钠能改善甜荞光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数,增加各器官干物质积累量,并促进干物质向籽粒转运,从而提高甜荞籽粒产量。此外,叶面喷硒后甜荞各部位硒含量显著提高,Se5处理下荞麦籽粒硒利用率最高,且籽粒硒含量符合国家谷物富硒标准,适合于黄土高原地区推广使用。

旱地谷豆不同轮作模式对产量及经济效益的影响

通过6年田间定位试验,研究了神木市不同轮作模式对黑豆和谷子的产量和经济效益的影响。设置了4个种植模式,分别为黑豆—谷子迎茬轮作(B-M/M-B)、黑豆—黑豆—谷子重茬轮作(B-B-M)、黑豆—谷子—谷子重茬轮作(B-M-M)、黑豆—谷子—马铃薯正茬轮作(B-M-P)。结果表明:与B-M/M-B处理相比,B-M-P、B-M-M处理的黑豆平均产量分别提高了6.01%、3.15%,B-B-M处理的平均产量降低了10.22%。B-M-P和B-B-M处理的谷子平均产量分别比B-M/M-B处理提高了6.39%、5.75%,B-M-M处理的谷子平均产量低于B-M/M-B处理18.15%。B-M-M处理与其他处理的谷子平均产量差异达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。经济效益表现为:B-M/M-B>B-M-P>B-M-M>B-B-M,产投比以B-M/M-B最高,为2.18。由此可知,B-M/M-B模式优于其他轮作模式,适宜在旱地推广应用。

烯效唑对盐胁迫下糜子幼苗形态和生理特性的调控效应

为探究叶面喷施烯效唑对糜子幼苗耐盐性的调控作用,以榆糜3号为试验材料,采用砂培方式,研究了三叶一心期叶面喷施烯效唑(50 mg·L^-1)对150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl盐胁迫下糜子幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:喷施烯效唑提高了盐胁迫下糜子幼苗叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,同时烯效唑增加了盐胁迫下糜子叶片光系统II的最大光能转换效率、实际光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数,降低了叶片PSⅡ的非光化学猝灭系数;盐胁迫下喷施烯效唑处理株高显著降低(P<0.05),叶面积和地上部干重减小,糜子幼苗总根长、根体积、根总表面积、根平均直径和地下部干重增加;盐胁迫下经烯效唑处理的幼苗叶片和根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、可溶性蛋白含量均升高;而丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)含量均下降;其中POD活性和O2-·含量在叶片中无显著差异,而在根系中差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。因此,在三叶一心期叶面喷施50 mg·L^-1烯效唑能够调控糜子幼苗形态特征,增强根系和叶片保护酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量,减缓膜脂过氧化程度,从而有效提高植株的耐盐能力。

胺鲜酯浸种对苗期糜子形态和叶片生理特性的影响

为明确胺鲜酯(DTA-6)浸种对糜子苗期形态和叶片生理特性的调控效应,以粘丰5号为材料,采用播种前浸种的处理方式,研究了不同浓度(10、50、250mg·L-1)DTA-6对苗期糜子幼苗生长、单株绿叶面积、叶片光合特性及碳水化合物积累的影响。结果表明:3种DTA-6浸种对糜子幼苗生长具有促进作用,对糜子株高、叶干重、茎干重和地下干重增加效果最高的为250mg·L-1 DTA-6,分别较CK增加55.73%、277.99%、162.88%、123.55%;而对茎粗增加效果最高的为50mg·L-1 DTA-6,较CK增加54.18%;不同处理下根冠比最高的为10mg·L-1DTA-6,较CK增加20.55%。DTA-6除对苗期糜子叶片蒸腾速率的调节效果不显著外,对苗期糜子的单株绿叶面积、叶片净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度和气孔导度均有显著的促进作用。3个浓度中以250mg·L-1 DTA-6处理下糜子苗期单株绿叶面积、叶片气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度增加较多,较CK分别提高71.78%、37.44%、18.04%;而净光合速率在各处理中以50mg·L-1 DTA-6最高。与对照相比,DTA-6对不同碳水化合物的调控效果不同,DTA-6处理下叶片可溶性糖含量和果糖含量均有不同程度的下降,而蔗糖含量有不同程度的升高,其中以50mg·L-1DTA-6处理蔗糖含量最高。综合分析表明,不同浓度DTA-6浸种能够有效调控糜子叶片光合特性,提高叶片蔗糖含量,从而促进糜子植株健壮生长,其中以50mg·L-1调控效果较好。

褪黑素与2,4-表油菜素内酯浸种对盐胁迫下荞麦发芽与幼苗生长的促进效应

土壤盐渍化是影响农作物种子萌发出苗以及生长发育的重要限制因素,探究外源激素对盐胁迫条件下荞麦种子萌发与幼苗生长的缓解作用具有重要意义。本试验以荞麦品种西农9976为材料,采用培养皿萌发和盆栽发芽2种方法,研究褪黑素(MT)与2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)浸种对不同盐浓度胁迫下荞麦种子萌发、幼苗生长、抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫增加了荞麦种子和幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖含量和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了荞麦种子发芽势、发芽率和成苗率,使荞麦种子胚芽长度、胚根长度和幼苗高度显著下降。MT、EBR浸种荞麦种子可有效缓解盐胁迫危害,使荞麦种子发芽势、发芽率和成苗率较对照分别增加14.9%~33.3%、11.5%~27.3%和20.0%~46.2%,显著提高荞麦种子胚根长度、胚芽长度、胚芽鲜重和干重、幼苗高度、幼苗鲜重和干重,并显著增加荞麦种子和幼苗叶片中可溶性糖含量和SOD、POD、CAT活性,降低MDA含量。综上所述,MT和EBR浸种均能通过提高荞麦种子保护酶活性、减少活性氧积累、增加渗透调节物质含量,促进盐胁迫条件下荞麦种子发芽及幼苗生长,提高荞麦的抗盐性。

糜子/绿豆间作模式下施氮量对绿豆叶片光合特性及产量的影响

探讨施氮量对间作条件下绿豆叶片光合特性、氮素特征及产量的影响,以期为西北旱区糜子//绿豆间作模式的合理施氮提供理论依据。试验于2018-2019年在陕西榆林采用裂区设计,主处理设糜子间作绿豆(PM)、绿豆单作(SM)2种种植模式,副处理设0(N0)、45(N1)、90(N2)和135 kg hm^(-2)(N3)4个氮肥水平。结果表明,施氮处理下间作绿豆叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(T_(r))比不施氮平均增加10.5%~24.5%、15.2%~29.5%,提高了叶片光合特性;PSII最大光化学效率(F_(v)/F_(m))、PSII实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)平均增加2.9%~7.8%、11.7%~28.4%,PSII非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching coefficient,NPQ)降低10.3%~17.4%,叶片叶绿素荧光参数得到改善,对弱光的截获和利用能力提高,叶片PSII反应中心活性增强。单株叶面积、单位干质量叶片氮含量(N_(mass))和单位面积氮含量(N_(area))均随施氮量增加表现为先升高后降低的趋势;Chl a、Chl b含量增加,光合氮利用效率(photosynthetic N-use efficiency,PNUE)则比不施氮有所降低;不同施氮量均显著增加间作绿豆干物质积累量和荚数,百粒重2年平均分别比不施氮增加1.1%~6.9%,产量增加9.3%~19.7%。2年试验间作各处理土地当量比(land equivalent ratio,LER)为1.63~2.07,表现为间作产量优势。由此可知,施氮可改善间作绿豆叶片光合物质生产能力,延缓衰老,有效调节了光合系统对遮阴的适应性反应,且间作叶片光合性能对氮肥的响应要大于单作。糜子/绿豆间作模式LER大于1,可作为西北旱作农业区推广种植模式,在90 kg hm^(−2)施氮量下间作绿豆叶片光合特性表现最好,产量最高,LER最大,是其适宜施氮水平。

氮磷钾对苦荞主要农艺性状、产量及干物质积累与分配的影响

为探索黄土高原荞麦生长发育中氮磷钾需肥规律,指导荞麦生产,本研究以苦荞西农9940为材料,设18个处理,研究了不同量氮磷钾处理下苦荞增产率、干物质积累量、总转运效率、合成效率等干物质积累与分配指标的变化规律。结果表明,不同量氮、磷、钾处理对苦荞主茎节数、主茎花簇数等农艺性状均表现出先增加后减少的趋势,其主茎节数在N1(N 45 kg/hm^2)、P3(P_2O_5 75 kg/hm^2)、K_2(K_2O 36 kg/hm^2)处理下达到最大,分别比对照增加了9.58%、29.38%、12.50%;随着生育期的推进,苦荞叶绿素含量均呈现逐渐下降的趋势,而不同肥料处理下,其在不同生育期呈现不同的规律;磷钾素处理条件下,苦荞单株粒数、单株粒重、千粒重呈先增后降趋势;氮磷钾素的施用促进了苦荞干物质积累及转运,不同的肥料处理下苦荞在各个生育期干物质积累及转运变化存在显著差异;随着氮磷钾素的增加,苦荞产量均呈现先增后降的变化趋势,在N4(N 180 kg/hm^2)、P4(P_2O_5 105 kg/hm^2)、K3(K_2O 54 kg/hm^2)条件下苦荞籽粒产量达到最大,分别为708.45、688.35和566.70 kg/hm^2,较对照分别增产123.73%、97.63%和60.36%。因此,黄土高原地区苦荞适宜的氮磷钾施肥量为N 180 kg/hm^2、P_2O_5 105kg/hm^2、K_2O 54 kg/hm^2,研究结果为黄土高原地区苦荞高产高效栽培及肥料高效利用提供技术依据。

不同提取方法对甜荞蛋白理化特性的影响

采用碱溶酸沉法、酶法、盐浸法3种方法提取甜荞籽粒蛋白质,研究不同提取方法对甜荞粗蛋白以及各蛋白组分(清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白)含量、蛋白颗粒形态、溶解性、泡沫特性、乳化特性、持水性、持油性、热变性等理化特性的影响。结果表明,3种方法提取的甜荞蛋白质理化性质有一定差异。碱溶酸沉法和酶法提取的蛋白质颗粒比盐浸法提取的蛋白质的颗粒大且有鳞片状突起,而盐浸法提取的蛋白表面平整光滑。碱溶酸沉法提取的蛋白质含量最高,且溶解度和乳化性能最佳;酶法制得的甜荞蛋白中醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高,持油性、持水性及热焓值(ΔH)较高,且显著高于碱溶酸沉法和盐浸法,具有更好的热稳定性;盐浸法制得的清蛋白含量最高,泡沫特性最好。综合比较发现,碱溶酸沉法和酶法是适宜食品加工的甜荞蛋白质提取方法。

基于主成分分析的21种粳性黄米品质评价

目的:对不同粳性黄米品种的品质进行评价。方法:以21个粳性黄米品种为试验材料,测定其营养成分、糊化特性、蒸煮特性及质构特性,分析品质差异及指标相关性,运用主成分分析进行综合评价。结果:质构特性、粗脂肪含量、回生值、破损值、最终黏度在品种间差异较大,起糊温度和淀粉含量的变异系数较小,是较为稳定的指标。主成分分析结果显示前3个主成分反映了原变量72.04%的信息,筛选出最终黏度、回生值、硬度和黏附性为关键指标,根据综合得分评价出粳性黄米品种的综合品质优劣。结论:陇糜10号、内糜9号、陇糜8号、榆糜3号、宁糜13号的综合品质最优,最终黏度、回生值、硬度和黏附性可作为粳性黄米品质的代表性指标,用于指导黄米品种筛选。

GGE biplot analysis of yield stability and test location representativeness in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) genotypes

The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years across 14 locations using 9 non-waxy proso millet genotypes and 16 locations using 7 waxy proso millet genotypes in China. The objectives of this study were to analyze yield stability and adaptability of proso millets and to evaluate the discrimination and representativeness of locations by analysis of vari- ance （ANOVA） and genotype and genotype by environment interaction （GGE） biplot methods. Grain yields of proso millet genotypes were significantly influenced by environment （E）, genotype （G） and their interaction （GxE） （P〈0.1%）. GxE inter- action effect was six times higher than G effect in non-waxy group and seven times in waxy group. N04-339 in non-waxy and Neimi 6 （NM6） in waxy showed higher grain yields and stability compared with other genotypes. Also, Neimi 9 （NM9, a non-waxy cultivar） and 90322-2-33 （a waxy cultivar） showed higher adaptability in 7 and in 11 locations, respectively. For non-waxy, Dalat, Inner Mongolia （E2） and Wuzhai, Shanxi （E5） were the best sites among all the locations for maximizing the variance among candidate cultivars, and Yanchi, Ningxia （El0） had the best representativeness. Wuzhai, Shanxi （e9） and Yanchi, Ningxia （e14） were the best representative locations, and Baicheng, Jilin （e2） was better discriminating location than others for waxy genotypes. Based on our results, El0 and e14 have enhanced efficiency and accuracy for non-waxy genotypes and waxy genotypes selection, respectively in national regional test of proso millet varieties.

Morphological diversity and correlation analysis of phenotypes and quality traits of proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.)core collections

Genetic diversity and comprehensive performance are the basis for the discovery and efficient use of proso millet(Panicum miliaceum L.) core collections. In this study, 386 proso millet core collections were used as materials to observe inflorescence color, leaf phase, inflorescence density, axis shape, branched spike length, panicle type, trichome, measured area of the top3 leaves, and chlorophyll content of the top3 leaves at filling stage. These core collections were also used to record growth period, plant height, diameter of main stem, plant tiller number, branch number, panicle length, panicle number per plant, and panicle weight per plant at the maturation stage. Starch, fat, protein, and yellow pigment contents in the grain and 1 000-seed weight were also measured after harvest. Then, quantitative traits were used for diversity analysis and comprehensive evaluation of each collection. Correlations between all traits were also analyzed. Results showed that among the 8 quality traits, the Shannon index(H′) of hull color was the highest(1.588) followed by the H′ of inflorescence density(0.984). However, inflorescence color and axis shape were lower. The H′ of 16 quantitative traits were significantly higher than the quality traits with the following traits having the highest indices: fat content(2.092), 1 000-seed weight(2.073), top3 leaves area(2.070), main stem diameter(2.056), and plant height(2.052). Furthermore, all other traits had a diversity higher than 1.900. After a comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits, plant height, diameter of main stem, plant tiller number, leaf area of top3 leaves, and 1 000-seed weight were the biggest contributors to the principal components. Six high-fat and high-protein cultivars, including Nuoshu, A75-2, Zhiduoaosizhi, Panlonghuangmi, Xiaobaishu, and Xiaohongshu were also screened. Correlations between the quantitative traits were significant, including the correlation between quality traits and quantitative traits. In conclusion, the core collections can be used as basis for discriminating among proso millet cultivars based on related traits and for further studies on millet with rich genetic diversity, good representation, and significant collection between traits.

Relations Between Photosynthetic Parameters and Seed Yields of Adzuki Bean Cultivars (Vigna angularis)

The study comparatively examined the leaf photosynthetic capacities of different adzuki bean cultivars, high-yield 2000-75 and Jihong 9218, and low-yield Hongbao 1 and Wanxuan 1 from flowering to ripening. It showed that after flowering, the leaves of the cultivars gradually aged, the leaf chlorophyll （Chl.）, soluble protein （SP） contents, net photosynthetic rates （Pn）, transpiration rates （Tr） and stomatal conductance （G） of the cultivars tended to decline, but the leaf intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci） of the cultivars tended to rise. The leaf photosynthetic capacities of the cultivars decreased gradually from the lower to the upper nodes. The dry seed yields of the cultivars were positively correlated with their leaf Chl., SP, Pn, and Tr and Gs, and negatively associated with their leaf Ci. At the late growth stages, the high-yield cultivars maintained higher leaf Chl. contents, SP contents, Pn, Tr, and Gs than the low-yield cultivars, indicating that leaf photosynthetic capacity was one of important yield-affecting factors of adzuki bean. Therefore, it was important for a crop at the crucial stage of yield formation to maintain a high leaf chlorophyll content and a high leaf photosynthetic capacity and delay leaf aging.

Transcriptome profiling using RNA-seq to provide insights into foxtail millet seedling tolerance to short-term water deficit stress induced by PEG-6000

Foxtail millet(Setaria italica L.)with high drought resistance,is grown widely in arid and semi-arid regions of the world,and it is a new model plant for genetic and molecular studies.To uncover the molecular mechanisms of stress-tolerance in different genotypes of foxtail millet,physiological analyses combined with transcriptional profiling were conducted using a time-course analysis on two foxtail millet genotypes Damaomao(DM)and Hongnian(HN).The genotype DM performed better than HN under water deficiency,with more moderate relative water content(RWC)and chlorophyll decline.Further physiological and RNA-seq investigations revealed that the two genotypes possessed high conservatism in some vital biological pathways which respond to drought stress,involving hormone synthesis,proline,and soluble sugar synthesis,and reactive oxygen species(ROS)metabolism.However,some genes related to these pathways showed different expression profiles.Likewise,the lower malondialdehyde(MDA)content in HN than DM may be explained by the observation that HN contained more activated genes in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle using KEGG pathway analysis.Overall,abscisic acid(ABA)response genes,ROS scavengers which were probably involved in signaling responses,a set of enzymes involved in proline and soluble sugar synthesis,channel protein genes,and transcription factors,encompassed the early strategy of foxtail millet response to drought.These findings provide a comprehensive molecular view of how different foxtail millet genotypes respond to short-term osmotic stress.

Genetic diversity of Ustilago hordei in Tibetan areas as revealed by RAPD and SSR

Covered smut, which is caused by Ustilago hordei（Pers.） Lagerh., is one of the most damaging diseases of highland barley（Hordeum vulgare Linn. var. nudum Hook. f） in Tibetan areas of China. To understand the molecular diversity of U. hordei, a total of 27 isolates, which were collected from highland barley plants from Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, and Gansu provinces/autonomous region, were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA（RAPD） and simple sequence repeat（SSR） markers. Among the 100 RAPD primers used, 24 primers exhibited polymorphism. A total of 111 fragments were amplified, of which 103 were polymorphic with a polymorphic rate of 92.79%. The average observed number of alleles（Na）, effective number of alleles（Ne）, Nei＇s genetic diversity（H）, Shannon＇s information index（I） and polymorphism information content（PIC） value in the RAPD markers were 1.9279, 1.5016, 0.2974, 0.4503 and 0.6428, respectively. For the SSR markers, 40 of the 111 primer pairs exhibited polymorphism and provided a total of 119 bands, of which 109 were polymorphic and accounted for 91.60% of the total bands. The Na, Ne, H, I and PIC values of the SSR markers were 1.9160, 1.4639, 0.2757, 0.4211 and 0.4340, respectively. The similarity coefficients ranged from 0.4957 to 0.9261 with an average of 0.7028 among all the 27 isolates used. The dendrogram, which was developed based on the RAPD and SSR combined marker dataset showed that the 27 U. hordei isolates were divided into 3 clusters at similarity coefficient of 0.7314. We determined that RAPD and SSR markers can be successfully used to assess the genetic variation among U. hordei isolates. The RAPD markers revealed higher levels of genetic polymorphism than did the SSR markers in this study. There existed a moderate genetic difference among isolates. The molecular variation and differentiation was somewhat associated with geographical origin but not for all of the isolates.

豌豆除草剂应用探讨

目前豌豆的种植面积和农民种植热情逐年增加,但豌豆田杂草种类较多,严重限制着豌豆的产量和品质。从豌豆田杂草发生组成、防治,豌豆除草剂利用现状、问题,以及豌豆除草剂利用策略等几个方面阐述了豌豆除草剂的利用以及前景展望,为豌豆除草剂利用提供借鉴。