Scope of the article is to discuss pretreatment of refuse,nonedible animal fats into biodiesel feedstock to improve yields of standard quality biofuel at low operational costs.Recommendations are equally viable for 2n...Scope of the article is to discuss pretreatment of refuse,nonedible animal fats into biodiesel feedstock to improve yields of standard quality biofuel at low operational costs.Recommendations are equally viable for 2nd generation biodiesel processing technologies and to extend catalysts lifetime.Refuse fats are vulnerability to storage conditions having significant influence on loss of market value.Common concerns expressed in terms of high levels of FFA(Free Fatty Acid),moisture,impurities have been addressed.Detrimental constituents are present in these feedstocks in complicated,stubborn colloid chemical structures with direct impacts on processing.Common edible grade oil techniques have been revisited but failed to produce high market-value biodiesel feedstock at acceptable levels of yield and reliability.Petroleum refinery techniques,selective solvent refining and vacuum distillation have also not met expectations.Glycerolysis and direct esterification conversion techniques were efficient in reduction of FFA and impurities to acceptably low level at reasonable yield.Acid catalyzed direct esterification proved to be lower cost technique to produce good quality biodiesel feedstock that can be processed in first generation alkali-based transesterification and hydrotreatment techniques alike.Co-Sol apolar solvent born technology has been shown to be the best performing option in retrofitting.Direct esterification was demonstrated in a truly continuous,counter current,solvent born mode with substantial energy and resource efficiency gains.展开更多
老天王 Michael Schumacher 退休之后,F1再度进入群雄并起、百家争鸣的时代(至少大家不会把"冠军"压倒性下注在一个人身上),少了独强的天王,原本预期争冠呼声最高的就是"现任冠军"Fernando Alonso 以及"天王接...老天王 Michael Schumacher 退休之后,F1再度进入群雄并起、百家争鸣的时代(至少大家不会把"冠军"压倒性下注在一个人身上),少了独强的天王,原本预期争冠呼声最高的就是"现任冠军"Fernando Alonso 以及"天王接班"Kimi Raikkonen.怎知道开幕三站过去,竟有另一人和他俩并列积分榜首位,而且这个人还是只菜鸟。展开更多
在相对优势减少的时候,个人风格就会成为争胜关键;那么,今年的争冠车手风格又是如何左右锦标战局呢? 黄金周的中国大奖赛,由于 Hamilton 在十拿九稳的前提下却大热倒灶、以挂零收场,令他在出道第一年即提前封王的美梦破灭,也令上海赛道...在相对优势减少的时候,个人风格就会成为争胜关键;那么,今年的争冠车手风格又是如何左右锦标战局呢? 黄金周的中国大奖赛,由于 Hamilton 在十拿九稳的前提下却大热倒灶、以挂零收场,令他在出道第一年即提前封王的美梦破灭,也令上海赛道主办单位满心期待能让本站成为世界冠军车手决定战的希望落了个空!但是,上赛方面的失望,背后则掀起了本季争冠大局更惊心动魄的最后高潮。展开更多
文摘Scope of the article is to discuss pretreatment of refuse,nonedible animal fats into biodiesel feedstock to improve yields of standard quality biofuel at low operational costs.Recommendations are equally viable for 2nd generation biodiesel processing technologies and to extend catalysts lifetime.Refuse fats are vulnerability to storage conditions having significant influence on loss of market value.Common concerns expressed in terms of high levels of FFA(Free Fatty Acid),moisture,impurities have been addressed.Detrimental constituents are present in these feedstocks in complicated,stubborn colloid chemical structures with direct impacts on processing.Common edible grade oil techniques have been revisited but failed to produce high market-value biodiesel feedstock at acceptable levels of yield and reliability.Petroleum refinery techniques,selective solvent refining and vacuum distillation have also not met expectations.Glycerolysis and direct esterification conversion techniques were efficient in reduction of FFA and impurities to acceptably low level at reasonable yield.Acid catalyzed direct esterification proved to be lower cost technique to produce good quality biodiesel feedstock that can be processed in first generation alkali-based transesterification and hydrotreatment techniques alike.Co-Sol apolar solvent born technology has been shown to be the best performing option in retrofitting.Direct esterification was demonstrated in a truly continuous,counter current,solvent born mode with substantial energy and resource efficiency gains.
文摘老天王 Michael Schumacher 退休之后,F1再度进入群雄并起、百家争鸣的时代(至少大家不会把"冠军"压倒性下注在一个人身上),少了独强的天王,原本预期争冠呼声最高的就是"现任冠军"Fernando Alonso 以及"天王接班"Kimi Raikkonen.怎知道开幕三站过去,竟有另一人和他俩并列积分榜首位,而且这个人还是只菜鸟。
文摘在相对优势减少的时候,个人风格就会成为争胜关键;那么,今年的争冠车手风格又是如何左右锦标战局呢? 黄金周的中国大奖赛,由于 Hamilton 在十拿九稳的前提下却大热倒灶、以挂零收场,令他在出道第一年即提前封王的美梦破灭,也令上海赛道主办单位满心期待能让本站成为世界冠军车手决定战的希望落了个空!但是,上赛方面的失望,背后则掀起了本季争冠大局更惊心动魄的最后高潮。
