近十年我国涡旋系统的研究进展

近年我国暴雨和强对流等中小尺度灾害性天气频发,涡旋是产生这些灾害天气的重要天气系统之一。为了不断提高对我国涡旋及其产生的暴雨和强对流天气发生发展机理的认识和预报准确率,本文对容易引发长江流域沿线灾害天气的三类涡旋(高原低涡、西南低涡和大别山涡)及对北方地区暴雨、强对流天气有重要影响的东北冷涡、中亚低涡的主要研究成果进行了梳理。主要回顾了近十年这些涡旋的识别方法、时空分布统计特征、三维结构以及产生的暴雨、强对流天气机理。最后,对与涡旋系统以及相关天气的研究与预报中的问题、未来发展方向进行了简要讨论和展望。

1981~2020年华南地区区域性极端降水事件研究

基于华南地区176个国家级自动气象站资料以及1981~2020年ECMWF ERA5再分析资料,采用区域性极端事件的客观识别方法(OITREE)、合成分析等方法,本文研究了华南地区区域性极端降水事件的时空分布特征,并分析了事件偏多年及偏少年的大尺度环流特征。主要结论如下:区域性极端降水事件的频次在年际尺度上的周期变化较为明显,并具有较明显的月变化特征,高发时段为5~6月;在极端强度及影响范围上,华南地区大部分区域性极端降水事件强度约130 mm d^(-1),较少事件强度超出320 mm d^(-1),且区域性极端降水事件的影响范围呈显著上升趋势(约310 km^(2)a^(-1));在事件的综合强度上,综合指数Z呈现显著的上升趋势[0.05(10 a)^(-1)],表明事件强度呈现显著增加的趋势;在大湾区及广东北部,区域性极端降水事件的累计降水及其对总降水的贡献呈显著上升趋势,而在广西南部地区,两者呈下降趋势;在事件偏多年,华南地区存在显著的西南风水汽输送及整层水汽通量强辐合的特征,而在事件偏少年,华南地区具有整层水汽通量辐合偏弱的特征;一般降水日,850 hPa上华南地区位于弱偏东南风区,区域性极端降水事件降水日,华南地区位于气旋性环流的东南部,受到明显的西南风风速大值带影响。

“21·7”河南特大暴雨的中尺度系统活动特征

2021年7月17日至22日河南省遭遇了罕见特大暴雨过程,特别是郑州市在7月20日出现了极端降水事件。本文首先分析了有利的大尺度环流背景,然后采用多源高分辨率观测和再分析资料深入分析了此次特大暴雨过程中不同阶段的水汽来源以及中尺度系统的活动特征。此次特大暴雨过程主要分为三个阶段,其主要的中尺度系统包括:黄淮气旋、中尺度对流系统(MCS)以及与MCS伴随的中尺度对流涡旋(MCV)。第一阶段(7月17~18日)主要为分散性降雨,水汽主要来自于南海、东南沿海、西北太平洋、长江中游地区的近距离水汽输送和河套地区。影响河南地区的中尺度系统为黄淮气旋,其于7月15日11时(协调世界时,下同)生成河南的东北部,18日23时在河南西南部消亡,垂直伸展最大高度为1000~350 hPa,维持时间约为89小时。第二阶段(7月19~20日),随着西太平洋副热带高压的北抬和台风“烟花”的西进北移发展,西北太平洋的水汽贡献也逐渐增多。由于黄淮气旋中心移动到河南西南部,其北部东南气流影响河南大部分地区。二级地形(伏牛山)东部的局地对流发展为MCS。由于地形的抬升作用,对流系统中强上升运动的维持有利于低层气旋性切变的增强,从而诱发了对流层中低层(750~600 hPa)MCV的生成。MCV的增强发展又进一步促进了MCS的维持以及偏南气流的增强。偏南气流输送大量水汽有利于午后分散性强对流单体的生成,分散对流单体与原有河南中北部MCS的合并后增强发展,从而造成了郑州极端小时降雨的出现。第三阶段(7月21~22日),暴雨过程的水汽主要来自于西北太平洋地区,其主要影响系统是MCS。低层气流受到二级地形(太行山)的阻挡,地形东部边界强的水汽通量辐合有利于MCS不断与新生对流单体合并发展,从而在河南、河北交界区域产生较强的降雨中心。

西南涡的气候学研究进展

西南涡是特殊地形与区域环流条件相互作用而产生的α中尺度天气系统,对我国西南地区的天气、气候和环境具有重要影响。本文系统梳理了西南涡的涡源分布、活动频数、移动路径及强度变化的多时空尺度分布特征,阐述了西南涡活动对我国西南及其下游地区天气、气候及区域环境的影响,总结了西南涡与高原涡、南亚高压等重要的天气系统的协同作用过程,综述了近年来西南涡气候学研究的进展,旨在为后续展开的西南涡的客观识别算法和技术研究提供基础信息。综述发现,前人研究中关于西南涡活动异常变化特征的结论并不一致,这可能是选用的资料时段、时间长度以及西南涡识别方法等不同造成的。因此,建立一套基于客观算法识别的西南涡基础研究资料是展开未来高质量研究的基石,对理解、预测西南涡活动具有极其重要的意义,并有利于进一步提升西南地区天气、气候、环境预测水平。

中国暴雨的科学与预报:改革开放40年研究成果

总结了改革开放以来中国学者在暴雨科学与预报领域取得的重要研究进展和主要成果。其中,暴雨机理研究成果从重要天气系统、中国主要区域的暴雨、台风暴雨等3个方面分别进行综述,而暴雨预报技术研发与应用则从中国数值天气预报发展和暴雨预报客观方法两方面进行归纳。

江淮流域持续性强降水过程的多尺度物理模型

本文对江淮流域持续性暴雨事件(PHREs)的多尺度物理模型和能量转换特征以及青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响下游地区降水的研究成果进行了总结。从欧亚大陆Rossby波列能量频散的角度揭示了江淮流域PHREs中纬度系统槽脊稳定的机制,定量分析了冷暖空气的源地和输送路径,提出了江南型和江北型PHREs的多尺度物理模型。从天气尺度和次天气尺度之间的能量转换角度呈现了不同尺度系统相互作用的物理图像,指出背景场的能量供给是直接触发暴雨的次天气尺度系统维持的最重要因子,尤其是在对流层的低层,动能的降尺度级串(即能量由背景场传递给次天气尺度系统)最强。研究表明青藏高原东部对流系统东移影响江淮流域的降水是一系列天气系统配合和活跃的结果,主要由青藏高原和四川盆地、二级地形和东部平原之间的热力环流、西南涡、二级地形以东中尺度涡旋和对流系统的共同影响。除了本文总结的内容,还有一些影响PHREs的因子值得深入研究,多尺度相互作用中的Rossby波源及其波列如何影响天气系统,中尺度系统对其背景场的能量反馈等。

青藏高原东移云团研究进展

青藏高原对流云团东移常造成长江流域暴雨等灾害性天气发生,当前这类暴雨是业务预报上难点之一。开展高原云团东移特征及其演变机理研究具有重要意义,结合已有研究成果,针对高原东移云团的相关研究进行回顾和总结,包括高原东移云团引发长江流域暴雨的观测事实、东移云团的活动特征及其环流条件,凝练了高原云团东移的物理模型,最后针对地形影响对流降水发展的经典研究成果进行了简要的概述。

一次高原东移MCS与下游西南低涡作用并产生强降水事件的研究

基于加密自动站降水、葵花8卫星和ECMWF ERA5再分析等多种资料,本文对2018年6月17日08时至18日22时(协调世界时,下同)一次青藏高原(简称高原)中尺度对流系统(Mesoscale Convective System,简称MCS)东移与下游西南低涡作用并引起四川盆地强降水的典型事件进行了研究(四川盆地附近最大6小时降水量高达88.5 mm)。研究表明,本次事件四川盆地的强降水主要由高原东移MCS与西南低涡作用引起,高原MCS与西南低涡的耦合期是本次降水的强盛时段,暴雨区主要集中在高原东移MCS的冷云区。高原东移MCS整个生命史长达33 h,在其生命史中,它经历了强度起伏变化的数个阶段,总体而言,移出高原前后,高原MCS对流的重心显著降低,但对流强度大大增强。在高原MCS的演变过程中,四川盆地有西南低涡发展,该涡旋生命史约为21h,所在层次比较浅薄,主要位于对流层低层。西南低涡与高原MCS存在显著的作用,在高原MCS与西南低涡耦合阶段,两者的上升运动区相叠加直接造成了强降水。此后,由于高原MCS系统东移而西南低涡维持准静止,高原MCS与西南低涡解耦,西南低涡由此减弱消亡,东移高原MCS所伴随的降水也随之减弱。涡度收支表明,散度项是西南低涡发展和维持的最主导因子,此外,倾斜项是800 hPa以下正涡度制造的第二贡献项,而垂直输送项则是西南低涡800hPa以上正涡度增长的另一个主导项,这两项分别有利于西南低涡向下和向上的伸展。相关分析表明,在西南低涡发展期间,高原MCS中冷云面积(相当黑体亮度温度TBB≤-52°C)可以有效地指示西南低涡强度(涡度)的变化,超前两小时的相关最显著,相关系数可达0.83。

2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度爆发气旋的数值模拟和分片位涡反演分析

基于NCEP 6 h一次,0.5°(纬度)×0.5°(经度)水平分辨率的GFS(Global Forecasting System)再分析数据,利用数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting),对2014年11月上旬西北太平洋一次极端强度的爆发气旋事件进行了模拟。在成功复制爆发气旋主要特征的基础上,较详细的分析了本次爆发气旋快速发展的有利环境条件,并利用分片位涡反演的方法,对此次爆发气旋的快速发展过程进行了研究,主要结论如下:(1)本次爆发气旋的爆发性发展阶段维持了约27 h,其最大加深率约为3.98 Bergeron(气旋加深率单位),最低中心气压约为919.2 hPa。(2)爆发气旋的快速发展与对流层高层高空急流对热量的输送,对流层中层西风带短波槽槽前暖平流和正涡度平流的有利准地转强迫,以及对流层低层暖锋伴随的暖平流过程密切相关。(3)分片位涡反演的结果表明,对流层顶皱褶对应的平流层大值位涡下传和降水凝结潜热过程造成的正位涡异常是本次爆发气旋快速发展的主导因子,而对流层低层的斜压过程贡献相对较小。在气旋爆发期的前期和强盛期,降水凝结潜热释放是爆发气旋发展的最重要因子,而在爆发期后期,随着降水的减弱和爆发气旋的东北向移动,对流层顶皱褶作用所造成的正位涡异常成为维持气旋快速发展的最有利因子。

引发强降水的一次东移高原云团的能量演变特征研究

利用日本气象厅葵花-8卫星亮温资料、欧洲中心ERA5(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis)再分析资料,根据时间尺度分解的局地能量诊断方法,本文从能量学多个角度研究了2016年6月5日00时(协调世界时,下同)至6日15时(持续40小时)一次东移并引发强降水的高原对流云团,得到了以下主要结论。本次事件中,高原东移对流云团在不同阶段的主要影响系统有所不同。移出高原前,其主要受高原涡和高原短波槽的共同影响,随着云团移出高原,高原涡消亡,而高原短波槽则随时间发展加强,成为东移云团的最主要影响系统。高原东移对流云团具有显著的深对流特征,自西向东引发了一系列的降水,移出高原后,其对流重心显著降低,降水达到最强。不同阶段高原东移对流云团的能量转换特征显著不同。云团位于高原上时(第一阶段),背景场通过动能的降尺度能量级串为造成强降水的扰动流直接提供能量,这是此阶段扰动流动能维持的主要方式;云团移出高原过程中(第二阶段),降水凝结潜热明显增强,由此制造的扰动有效位能也显著增强。在垂直运动配合下,扰动有效位能斜压释放所制造的动能是本阶段造成强降水扰动流动能维持的最主要能量来源;云团移出高原后(第三阶段),背景场对造成强降水扰动流的影响再次增强,但是不同于第一阶段的直接影响方式,该阶段背景场的作用是以一种间接的影响方式出现。其首先通过有效位能的降尺度级串将背景场的有效位能转换为扰动流的有效位能,然后通过扰动有效位能的斜压能量释放为扰动流的动能维持不断地提供能量。此外,本阶段内还出现了扰动流向背景场动能的升尺度级串供给(即扰动流的反馈),但其强度不足以对背景场的演变产生显著影响。

近16年暖季青藏高原东部两类中尺度对流系统(MCS)的统计特征

利用日本高知大学提供的逐小时分辨率静止卫星云顶黑体亮温(TBB)资料,使用模式匹配算法对2000~2016年(2005年除外)暖季(5~9月)青藏高原东部的两类中尺度对流系统(MCS)进行了识别和追踪,并利用人工验证订正了结果。基于此,利用NOAA的CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center Morphing)降水资料和NCEP的CFSR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)再分析资料对高原东部两类MCS进行了统计和对比研究。研究发现,7月和8月是高原东部MCS生成最活跃的季节,然而,此两个月能够东移出高原MCS的比例最小;5月虽然MCS生成数最少,但是移出率高达近40%。对比表明,能够东移出高原的MCS(V-MCS)比不能移出的MCS(N-MCS)生命史更长,触发更早,短生命史个例占比更低。暖季各个月份,相比于N-MCS,V-MCS的对流更旺盛且发展更快,然而,由于其发生频数远低于N-MCS,总体而言,V-MCS对高原东部的降水贡献率仅为15%左右,是N-MCS相应数值的一半左右。高原东部两类MCS的环流特征差异显著,有利于V-MCS发生、维持和东移的因子主要位于对流层中低层(西风带短波槽、西风引导气流、低层风场切变),而在对流层高层,N-MCS拥有更好的高空辐散条件(其对应的南亚高压更强)。

Impacts of Diurnal Variation of Mountain-plain Solenoid Circulations on Precipitation and Vortices East of the Tibetan Plateau during the Mei-yu Season

Diurnal variations of two mountain-plain solenoid （MPS） circulations associated with ＂first-step＂ terrain [Tibetan Plateau （TP）] and ＂second-step＂ terrain （high mountains between the TP and ＂east plains＂） in China and their influence on the south west vortex （SWV） and the mei-yu front vortex （MYFV） were investigated via a semi-idealized mesoscale numerical model [Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF）] simulation integrated with ten-day average fields （mei-yu period of 1-10 July 2007）. The simulations successfully reproduced two MPS circulations related to first and second-step terrain, diurnal vari- ations from the eastern edge of the TP to the Yangtze River-Huaihe River valleys （YHRV）, and two precipitation maximum centers related to the SWV, MYFV. Analyses of the averaged final seven-day simulation showed the different diurnal peaks of precipitation at different regions： from the aftemoon to early evening at the eastern edge of the TP; in the early evening to the next early morning in the Sichuan Basin （SCB）; and in the late evening to the next early morning over the mei-yu front （MYF）. Analyses of individual two-day cases confirmed that the upward branches of the nightlime MPS circulations enhanced the precipitation over the SWV and the MYFV and revealed that the eastward extension of the SWV and its con vection were conducive to triggering the MYFVs. The eastward propagation of a rainfall streak from the eastern edge of the TP to the eastern coastal region was primarily due to a series of convective activities of several systems from west to east, including the MPS between the TP and SCB, the SWV, the MPS between second-step terrain and tile east plains, and the MYFV.

近32年泰国降水的主要变化趋势研究

基于泰国气象局提供的近32年(1981~2012)站点逐日降水观测资料,利用线性趋势和集合经验模态分解(Ensemble empirical mode decomposition, EEMD)等分析方法,本文重点研究了泰国及其五个地理分区内各等级降水量与降水日数出现正异常(第95百分位及以上)的站点比例变化,并深入分析了泰国逐年降水量与暴雨级别以上持续性和非持续性降水量相对贡献的变化。主要结论如下:(1)泰国东部和南部地区是其降水最强的区域,而泰国北部地区降水相对最弱,在研究的32年时段内,泰国境内有87%的站点出现了逐年降水增加的趋势(共有22个站通过了95%置信水平的显著性检验),其中泰国南部是增加最快的区域,而泰国东部地区则是出现降水增加趋势最少的地区。位于泰国湾沿岸的曼谷站和洛坤站是整个泰国境内逐年降水增加最快的站点。(2)泰国北部地区的逐年降水量、逐年降水日数与平均降水强度出现正异常的站点比例显著增加,表明极端降水的影响范围在扩大,而泰国南部地区仅大暴雨级别以上的极端降水出现了范围扩大的趋势。(3)暴雨级别以上的降水在泰国不同地区存在着显著差异,其中泰国北部、东北部和中部地区,非持续性降水占主导地位,而在泰国东部和南部地区,持续性与非持续性降水的贡献相当。暴雨级别以上持续性降水出现正异常的站点比例在泰国北部和南部地区有显著的增加趋势,表明这些地区受稳定系统影响所发生强降水的范围有着显著的扩大趋势。

Energetics characteristics accounting for the low-level wind’s rapid enhancement associated with an extreme explosive extratropical cyclone over the western North Pacific Ocean

During mid-January 2011,a rarely seen twin-extratropical-cyclone event appeared over the western North Pacific Ocean.One of the twin cyclones developed into an extreme explosive extratropical cyclone(EEC),which was comparable to the intensity of a typhoon.Rotational and divergent wind kinetic energy(KE)analyses were applied to understand the low-level wind’s rapid enhancement associated with the cyclone.It was found that:(i)the total wind KE associated with the EEC showed a remarkable enhancement in the lower troposphere during the cyclone’s maximum development stage,with the maximum/minimum wind acceleration appearing in the southeastern/northwestern quadrant of the EEC;(ii)the rotational wind KE experienced an obvious increase,which corresponded to the total wind KE enhancement,whereas the divergent wind KE,which was much smaller than the rotational wind,mainly featured a decreasing trend;(iii)the rotational wind KE enhancement showed variational features consistent with the horizontal enlargement and upward stretching of the EEC;(iv)the nonorthogonal wind KE enhanced the total wind KE in regions with strong rotational wind,which resulted in the maximum lower-tropospheric maximum wind,whereas in regions with strong divergent wind it mainly reduced the total wind KE;(v)the northward transport of total wind KE and the rotational wind KE production due to the work done by pressure gradient force were dominant factors for the enhancement of winds associated with the EEC,particularly in its southeastern section.In contrast,an overall conversion from rotational wind KE to divergent wind KE decelerated the rotational wind enhancement.

New method for detecting extratropical cyclones:the eight-section slope detecting method

An algorithm for identifying extratropical cyclones(ECs)on the basis of gridded data is proposed in this study.The algorithm,which is named the eight-section slope detecting(ESSD)method,hasfive key procedures to identify an EC by using the mean sea level pressure(MSLP)or geopotential height.They are:(i)finding the location of every minimum of the MSLP/geopotential-height;(ii)establishing a targeted box for each minimum;(iii)dividing the targeted box into eight subregions;(iv)calculating eight relative slopes within the eight sub-regions;(v)confirming an EC only if all eight relative slopes are above an appropriate threshold.Based on the 0.75°×0.75°ERAInterim reanalysis field,comparisons show that the ESSD method performs better in identifying ECs than the other three previous EC detection algorithms,as it can lower the error caused by mistaking a trough for an EC.Moreover,a test of detecting ECs in the Northern Hemisphere using the ESSD method repeated 500 times(randomly distributed across 40 years)shows that the accuracy of this method varies from 79%to 91%,with an annual mean accuracy of^85%.This means that the ESSD method can provide credible results with respect to EC identification.

On the physical significance and use of a set of horizontal and vertical helicity budget equations

For better understanding the variation of helicity and its governing mechanisms,based on the primary momentum equation under the local Cartesian coordinate,a set of horizontal and vertical helicity equations are derived in this study.On this basis,a storm-relative helicity budget equation is derived,the main factors that govern the variation of helicity are discussed,and the key mechanisms underlying the helicity variation are illustrated by using schematic images.Both scale analysis and real case diagnosis are used to compare the relative importance of di erent factors on the variation of helicity.For a meso-α system,it is found that:(i)horizontal helicity is much larger than vertical helicity,and they show signi cantly di erent variation mechanisms;(ii)for the vertical helicity,the vertical perturbation pressure gradient force,buoyancy,the diver-gence-related e ect,and the conversion between vertical and horizontal helicity govern its variation(whereas,the conversion is negligible for the evolution of horizontal helicity);and(iii)baroclinity is crucial for the variation of horizontal helicity,but it is only of secondary importance for the vertical helicity variation.

Mechanisms accounting for the repeated occurrence of torrential rainfall over South Thailand in early January 2017

Based on CMORPH precipitation estimates and ERA5 reanalysis data,this study investigates the mechanisms accounting for the repeated occurrence of torrential rainfall over South Thailand in early January 2017,which induced the strongest floods over Ko Samui and Ko Phangan in the last almost 30 years.It is found that the maintenance of a northeastward-moving mesoscale vortex that formed southwest of the Indochina Peninsula was the direct reason for the series of torrential rainfall events.Analysis of the vorticity budget illustrates that convergence-related horizontal shrinking was the most favorable factor for the maintenance of the vortex.Tilting was the second most favorable factor,whereas horizontal and vertical transport mainly caused a net export of cyclonic vorticity from the vortex’s three-dimensional range,which was detrimental for its maintenance.Further analysis indicates that tilting and vertical vorticity transport were sensitive to the vortex’s displacement and the enhancement of cyclonic vorticity at lower levels around the vortex,respectively,as the two factors showed completely different effects on the persistence of the vortex during two different stages.

A comparison of two kinds of eastward-moving mesoscale vortices during the mei-yu period of 2010

During the mei-yu period,the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the Dabie Mountain are two main sources of eastward-moving mesoscale vortices along the mei-yu front(MYF).In this study,an eastward-moving southwest vortex(SWV) and an eastward-moving Dabie vortex(DBV) during the mei-yu period of 2010 have been investigated to clarify the main similarities and differences between them.The synoptic analyses reveal that the SWV and DBV were both located at the lower troposphere;however,the SWV developed in a "from top down" trend,whereas the DBV developed in an opposite way.There were obvious surface closed low centers corresponding to the DBV during its life span,whereas for the SWV,the closed low center only appeared at the mature stage.Cold and warm air intersected intensely after the formation of both the vortices,and the cold advection in the SWV case was stronger than that in the DBV case,whereas the warm advection in the DBV case was more intense than that in the SWV case.The Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea were main moisture sources for the SWV,whereas for the DBV,in addition to the above two moisture sources,the East China Sea was also an important moisture source.The vorticity budget indicates that the convergence was the most important common factor conducive to the formation,development,and maintenance of the SWV and DBV,whereas the conversion from the vertical vorticity to the horizontal one(tilting) was the most important common factor caused the dissipation of both of the vortices.The kinetic energy(KE) budget reveals that the KE generation by the rotational wind was the dominant factor for the enhancement of KE associated with the SWV,whereas for the DBV,the KE transport by the rotational wind was more important than the KE generation.The KE associated with the SWV and the DBV weakened with different mechanisms during the decaying stage.Furthermore,the characteristics of baroclinic and barotropic energy conversions during the life spans of both vortices indicate that the SWV and DBV both belong to the kind of subtropical mesoscale vortices.

Classification of Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over South China and Associated Moisture Source Analysis

Persistent heavy rainfall events （PHREs） over South China during 1981 2014 were selected and classified by an objective method, based on the daily precipitation data at 752 stations in China. The circulation characteristics, as well as the dry-cold air and moisture sources of each type of PHREs were examined. The main results are as follows. A total of 32 non-typhoon influenced PHREs in South China were identified over the study period. By correlation analysis, the PHREs are divided into three types： SC-A type, with its main rainbelt located in the coastal areas and the northeast of Guangdong Province; SC-B type, with its main rainbelt between Guangdong Province and Guangxi Region; and SC-C type, with its main rainbelt located in the north of Guangxi Region. For the SC-A events, dry-cold air flew to South China under the steering effect of troughs in the middle troposphere which originated from the Ural Mountains and West Siberia Plain; whereas, the SC-C events were not influenced by the cold air from high latitudes. There were three water vapor pathways from low-latitude areas for both the SC-A and SC-C PHREs. The tropical Indian Ocean was the main water vapor source for these two PHRE types, while the South China Sea also contributed to the SC-C PHREs. In addition, the SC-A events were also influenced by moist and cold air originating from the Yellow Sea. Generally, the SC-C PHREs belonged to a warm-sector rainfall type, whose precipitation areas were dominated by southwesterly wind, and the convergence in wind speed was the main reason for precipitation.