Glial cells in the gut represent the morphological and functional equivalent of astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system （CNS）. In recent years, the role of enteric glial cells （EGCs） has extended fr...Glial cells in the gut represent the morphological and functional equivalent of astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system （CNS）. In recent years, the role of enteric glial cells （EGCs） has extended from that of simple nutritive support for enteric neurons to that of being pivotal participants in the regulation of inflammatory events in the gut. Similar to the CNS astrocytes, the EGCs physiologically express the SIOOB protein that exerts either trophic or toxic effects depending on its concentration in the extracellular milieu. In the CNS, SIOOB overexpression is responsible for the initiation of a gliotic reaction by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, which may have a deleterious effect on neighboring cells. SlOOB-mediated pro-inflammatory effects are not limited to the brain： SIOOB overexpression is associated with the onset and maintenance of inflammation in the human gut too. In this review we describe the major features of EGCs and SIOOB protein occurring in intestinal inflammation deriving from such.展开更多
1|BACKGROUND Since 2004,the treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer(mPC)has significantly changed.When added to androgen deprivation therapy(ADT),many treatments demonstrated to improve overall survival(OS)o...1|BACKGROUND Since 2004,the treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer(mPC)has significantly changed.When added to androgen deprivation therapy(ADT),many treatments demonstrated to improve overall survival(OS)of mPC patients both in hormone-sensitive(mHSPC)[1]and castration-resistant(mCRPC)setting[2].With multiple available options,therapy selection and the optimal treatment sequence are currently crucial clinical challenges.展开更多
基金Supported by research funds from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (COFIN Projects No. 2004062155 to GS and RC)
文摘Glial cells in the gut represent the morphological and functional equivalent of astrocytes and microglia in the central nervous system （CNS）. In recent years, the role of enteric glial cells （EGCs） has extended from that of simple nutritive support for enteric neurons to that of being pivotal participants in the regulation of inflammatory events in the gut. Similar to the CNS astrocytes, the EGCs physiologically express the SIOOB protein that exerts either trophic or toxic effects depending on its concentration in the extracellular milieu. In the CNS, SIOOB overexpression is responsible for the initiation of a gliotic reaction by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, which may have a deleterious effect on neighboring cells. SlOOB-mediated pro-inflammatory effects are not limited to the brain： SIOOB overexpression is associated with the onset and maintenance of inflammation in the human gut too. In this review we describe the major features of EGCs and SIOOB protein occurring in intestinal inflammation deriving from such.
文摘1|BACKGROUND Since 2004,the treatment landscape of metastatic prostate cancer(mPC)has significantly changed.When added to androgen deprivation therapy(ADT),many treatments demonstrated to improve overall survival(OS)of mPC patients both in hormone-sensitive(mHSPC)[1]and castration-resistant(mCRPC)setting[2].With multiple available options,therapy selection and the optimal treatment sequence are currently crucial clinical challenges.
