河口海岸沉积层理特征与形成机制

河口海岸地处海陆交界带,其沉积层理特征与形成机制是沉积动力学、动力地貌学和地层学等学科方向的研究热点,对评价海岸工程环境效应、重建沉积古环境等具有重要参考价值。通过梳理河口海岸区域径流、潮汐、波浪等多种动力因子作用的研究成果,归纳不同动力主导作用形成的沉积层理特征,剖析3种基本动力对沉积层理塑造的动力学机制,阐释洪水、风暴偶发动力因子以及生物扰动、海平面变化、围垦工程等其他影响因子对沉积层理形成和保存的作用机理。同时,总结了数值模拟手段在沉积层理形成和破坏机制解译方面的应用及取得的机理认知,提出在河口海岸沉积层理时空尺度认知、多因素耦合反演模型开发应用等方面有待进一步研究的科学问题。

上海潮滩生物遗迹探究型课程

通过开发适合中小学科普教育的湿地生态探究型课程,增进学生对潮滩湿地生物多样性的认知。上海潮滩生物遗迹探究型课程包括介绍上海潮滩最常见的三种底栖动物的生物特征和行为习性,并开展现场观察与模型制作等活动,探究不同动物的遗迹特征,拓展学生对生物化石类型的理解。

大小潮作用对潮滩沉积物层理影响的数值模拟研究

潮滩垂向沉积韵律层的形成主要取决于周期性的潮汐条件,包括涨落潮、大小潮、季节性及更长时间尺度的潮汐特征,为探究大小潮周期对潮滩沉积物垂向层理形成机制的影响,应用一维潮流泥沙与底床分层数学模型,对周期性潮汐条件作用下潮滩垂向沉积韵律层形成机制进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,大小潮的周期性是模型中沉积层理表现韵律性的主要原因之一,韵律层中单个层理结构对应于1个大小潮周期过程,层理结构由形成于小潮期间的泥质层及形成于大潮期间的砂质层组成,层理的厚度也呈旋回性变化,大潮时层理较厚而小潮时层理较薄。水体边界含沙量是影响潮汐层理结构的重要因子,边界含沙量中粉砂占比增大会使潮汐韵律层整体粗化且砂质层厚度增大,当边界含沙量整体显著增大时,潮滩上的垂向潮汐韵律层会更加完整且厚度明显增大。潮汐层理的形成与特征是多种因子共同作用的结果,后续需进一步探究包括波浪、风暴潮、潮滩生物等其他因子的作用。

近百年来长江水下三角洲高分辨率洪水沉积记录及其控制机理

夏季洪涝灾害对长江流域社会经济造成了严重的影响,急需开展多时空尺度流域洪水发生规律和控制机理的研究,但因洪水器测数据年限短和缺少有效的古洪水沉积记录研究方法而难以实现。选取长江水下三角洲YEC1701柱状样顶部100 cm进行高分辨率XRF岩心连续扫描(XRFCS),粒度、有机碳、N元素、δ13 C和210 Pb定年分析,并与流域洪水器测或历史记录等进行对比研究,以期建立高效的古洪水沉积记录代用指标。结果表明,长江水下三角洲沉积物中Zr/Rb峰值通常对应粒度粗组分高值和较高的C/N值、偏负的δ13 C值,所在层位的沉积年龄与流域洪水事件发生年份有很好的对应关系。由此判断,Zr/Rb值可作为判别长江古洪水沉积的重要代用指标。长江流域于1930—2017年间共发生22次洪水事件,利用XRFCS获得的10 mm和2 mm间隔Zr/Rb值可分别识别出其中的11次和18次,识别率为50%和80%。由此推荐XRFCS样品测试间隔要小于年沉积速率一半以内,以提高古洪水事件的识别率。多源洪水和降雨数据分析表明,长江洪水年际至千年尺度发生规律主要受厄尔尼诺-南方涛动和东亚夏季风、南亚夏季风活动的共同影响。但早期长江洪水资料分辨率较低,长江水下三角洲有较连续的洪水沉积记录,运用XRFCS毫米级分辨率的Zr/Rb值可重建全新世高分辨率的长江古洪水发生历史,更精细地分析气候变化对洪水发生规律的控制机理,为预测全球变化背景下长江洪水演变趋势提供依据。

Internal Facies Architecture and Evolution History of Changxing Mouth-Bar Complex in the Changjiang(Yangtze)Delta,China

River-mouth bar is a fundamental element to constitute a delta system, and its internal facies architectures are vital to reconstruct delta evolution history and study high-resolution sequence stratigraphy. Changxing Island is a representative mouth-bar complex in the modern Changjiang Delta. Its vertical stacked strata produced by delta progradation were first studied by detailed facies analysis of core CX03, and then a general facies architecture and evolution history of mouth-bar complexes in the modern Changjiang Delta were discussed through a comparative study of 5 different cores and historical charts. A progradational deltaic sequence has generally a similar internal facies architecture, composed of massive muddy deposits of prodelta and delta-front slope facies at the bottom, sand-dominated deposits of delta-front platform, inter-bar channel and mouth-bar facies at the middle, and heterolithic deposits of tidal flat and saltmarsh facies at the top. There is a significant time lag for the initial formation of channel-mouth bar systems between Chongming and Jiuduansha Islands. Compared with subtidal flats, sedimentation rates on intertidal flats were highly accelerated, potentially resulting from weakening wave and tidal strength over extensive intertidal flats and increasing human embankment activities in the last few centuries. These findings provide some new clues to understand modern and ancient mouth-bar evolution and resultant sequence strata in tide-dominated deltas.

The Holocene Environmental Evolution of the Inner Hangzhou Bay and Its Significance

The Holocene environmental evolution in coastal area, including deltas and estuaries, is vital to the Neolithic colonization in the eastern China. A 29-m long sediment core XL was obtained from the region between the Taihu Lake and Qiantang Estuary, and multiple analyses on the core sediments have been done to investigate the evolution history of the inner coastal zone of Hangzhou Bay during the Holocene. Six sedimentary facies are identified since the late Pleistocene, including the paleosol at the bottom, overlain by tidal-flat-channel complex(TFC), tidal-distributary-channel(TDC), inner estuarine basin(IEB), subtidal-to-intertidal-flat, and fluvial-plain facies. The TFC and TDC facies are dated to be formed before 8500 cal yr BP, featured by relatively coarse sediments, high magnetic properties and less abundant foraminifera, denoting the tide-influenced setting with large terrestrial inputs. The IEB facies characterized by the most abundant foraminifera fossils and the lowest sediment magnetic properties, is inferred to be deposited during the maximum flooding period between 8500 and 7900 cal yr BP. The branch estuary was then infilled by local sediments with a shallowing-upward subtidal-to-intertidal sequence during 7900–4300 cal yr BP. At last the fluvial plain system developed since no later than 4300 cal yr BP, favouring the rapid development of Neolithic cultures in the region.

Morphological Change in the Northern Red River Delta,Vietnam

Coastal erosion has become a worldwide concern, typically in the densely populated Asian mega-river deltas. Severe coastal erosion in the southern Red River Delta(RRD) has been intensively studied. Coastal morphological change in the northern RRD was examined in detail through DEM(Digital Elevation Model) analysis based on time series of bathymetrical maps(1965–2004) and Landsat images(1975–2015) in this study. The results show that the northern RRD is featured by rapid coastal accretion in the past few decades, although suspended sediment flux has dropped by roughly 60% after the completeness of Hoa Binh Dam(HBD) in 1988 and relative sea level rose at 1.9 mm yr^(-1). However, accretion at the outer part of subtidal shoals and platforms was observed to slow down quickly or even turned into erosion in the last two decades. The resuspended sediments from the erosion zone can be transported landward to replenish the inner coastal zone, keeping the latter accretion in the near future to compensate for the sediment discharge decrease from the river. However, this lag effect should be terminated soon if other adverse effects go worse, e.g., damming rivers, sea-level rising, strengthening storms, land reclamation and other poor-designed coastal engineering. Coastal planners and managers should pay full attention to these changes.

Dynamic Diurnal Changes in Green Algae Biomass in the Southern Yellow Sea Based on GOCI Images

Macroalgae blooms of Ulva prolifera have occurred every summer in the southern Yellow Sea since 2007,inducing severe ecological problems and huge economic losses.Genesis and secular movement of green algae blooms have been well monitored by using remote sensing and other methods.In this study,green algae were detected and traced by using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager(GOCI),and a novel biomass estimation model was developed from the relationship between biomass measurements and previously published satellite-derived biomass indexes.The results show that the green algae biomass can be determined most accurately with the biomass index of green algae for GOCI(BIGAG),which is calculated from the Rsurf data that had been atmospherically corrected by ENVI/QUAC method.For the first time,dynamic changes in green algae biomass were studied over an hourly scale.Short-term biomass changes were highly influenced by Photosynthetically Available Radiation(PAR)and tidal phases,but less by sea surface temperature variations on a daily timescale.A new parameter of biomass changes(PBC),calculated by the ratio of the biomass growth rate to movement velocity,could provide an effective way to assess and forecast green tide in the southern Yellow Sea and similar areas.

东海美山双角花介Bicornucythere bisanensis(甲壳纲,介形类)两个形态型及其分布控制因素

本文研究了我国东海美山双角花介(Bicornucythere bisanensis)不同形态型与海洋环境的对应关系。从水深7.5~81 m的83个东海海底表层沉积物样品中获取了2512枚B.bisanensis壳瓣,它们包含大小两个形态型:M型平均壳长0.75 mm,G型0.62 mm。研究结果显示M型主要分布在长江口以北水深20~40 m的砂质海底,而G型主要在长江口以南20~60 m的粉砂质海底。两个形态型对于其他环境因子的适应性同样显示显著差异,而因子分析结果显示溶氧量与M型和G型分布的相关性最强。总体来看,G型与M型相比,除了偏好较低水温和较细的底质沉积物之外,对于水温、盐度和溶氧量的适应范围也更加宽广。B.bisanensis的两个形态型可望成为东海海洋环境的生物指标。

Research on preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter in muddy sediment and mudstone

Using multidiscipline methodologies, the differences in preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter (OM) in muddy sediment and mudstone are investigated. In clay fractions, concentra- tions of TOC and chloroform bitumen “A” are significantly higher than those in coarser fractions. This indicates that clay minerals (CM) play an important role in enriching OM. The content of chloroform bitumen “A” increases obviously in the clay fraction, which reveals that dissolvable OM is the main composition of coalesce with clay minerals. Furthermore, TG and DTA data show that OM enrichment mechanisms and preservation forms have multiplicity. Several exothermic peaks in the DTA curves demonstrate that muddy sediment and mudstone contain a number of bioclasts and amorphous OM besides dissolvable OM. Through analyzing with XRD and DTA after mudstone samples were pretreated, the conclusions can be arrived at. Firstly, CM interlayer space of XRD curves and exothermic peaks of DTA curves both change as temperature increases. Secondly, the changes of CM interlayer space and exothermic peaks are concordant and stable around 350℃. All these are the features that OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Therefore, the combination format of OM with CM is not only surface adsorption, partial OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Finally, through the research on OM preservation forms and enrichment mechanisms in muddy sedi- ment and mudstone, the hydrocarbon-generation processes and the global carbon cycle and budget can be explained.

A 600-year flood history in the Yangtze River drainage:Comparison between a subaqueous delta and historical records

Based on grain size analysis and high-resolution elemental scanning of core YD0901,taken from the subaqueous Yangtze River delta,a 600-year flood history was reconstructed for the Yangtze River drainage system.Zr/Rb ratios were chosen as a proxy for Yangtze River floods.Zr resides mainly in the coarse-grained minerals,and Rb is found in the fine-grained minerals.When floods occur,the discharge of the Yangtze River increases,which carries more coarse-grained minerals into the East China Sea.Therefore,deposition of coarse-grained minerals significantly increases relative to fine-grained minerals on the subaqueous delta,and subsequently the Zr/Rb ratios also increase.The higher the Zr/Rb peaks,the greater number of coarse particles deposited by saltation processes.Zr/Rb peaks correlate very well with historical records for Yangtze River floods.Especially at about AD 1870,the Zr/Rb ratio reached a maximum value over the last 600 years,which is consistent with "the extreme flood event" in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in AD 1870,as indicated in the historical records.Results show that floods have occurred at a relatively high frequency over the last 600 years,which is consistent with historical records when,during the Ming-Qing Dynasty,floods occurred once every 4 years.In addition,spectral analysis of the Zr/Rb ratio showed that there is close link between the Yangtze River floods and ENSO intensity.

Evolution of the East China Sea sedimentary environment in the past 14 kyr: Insights from tetraethers-based proxies

We reconstruct the environmental evolution of the East China Sea in the past 14 kyr based on glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers(GDGTs) in a sediment core from the subaqueous Yangtze River Delta. Two primary phases are recognized. Phase I(13.8–8 cal kyr BP) reflects a predominantly continental influence, showing distinctly higher concentrations of branched GDGTs(averaged 143 ng/g dry sediment weight, dsw) than isoprenoid GDGTs(averaged 36 ng/g dsw), high BIT index(branched vs. isoprenoid tetraethers) values(>0.78) and a fluctuating GDGT-0/crenarchaeol ratio(R_(0/5), varied from 0.52 to 3.81). Within this interval, temporal increases of terrestrial and marine influence are attributed to Younger Dryas(YD)(ca. 12.9–12.2 cal kyr BP) cold event and melt-water pulse(MWP)-1B(11.5–11.1 cal kyr BP), respectively. The prominent transition from 8 to 7.9 cal kyr BP shows a sharp decrease in BIT index value(<0.4) and increase in crenarchaeol, which marks the beginning of phase II. Afterwards, the proxies remain relatively constant, which indicates that phase II(7.9 cal kyr BP-present) is a shelf sedimentary environment with high stand of sea level. Overall, the BIT index in our record serves as a good marker for terrestrial influence at the site, and likely reflects the flooding history of the region. The TEX_(86)(Tetra Ether Index of tetraethers consisting of 86 carbons) proxy is not applicable in phase I because of an excess terrestrial influence; but it seems to be valid for revealing the annual SST in phase II(21.6±0.9°C, n=49). In contrast, the MBT'/CBT(Methylation of Branched Tetraethers and Cyclization of Branched Tetraethers) proxy appears to faithfully record the annual mean air temperature(MAT)(14.3±0.63°C, n=68) and presents an integrated signal over the middle and lower Yangtze River drainage basin.

Perspectives on the linkage between typhoon activity and global warming from recent research advances in paleotempestology

The recent increase in typhoon (tropical cyclone) activity has attracted great interest and induced heated debates over whether it is linked to global warming or only a return to an active phase of the well-known multi-decadal variability. Due to the short instrumental record, our knowledge is quite scarce on the complex processes and mechanism of typhoon generation, development, and evolution, especially for the rare but highly destructive super-typhoons. It is therefore very important to extend the time span of typhoon activity records. Paleotempestology, a young science that emerged in the early 1990s, studies past typhoon activity spanning several centuries to millennia before the instrumental era through the use of geological proxies and historical documentary records. This paper presents a brief review and synthesis on the major research advances and findings of paleotempestology with an emphasis on proxy technique development and applications. The methodology has been evolving from single geologic proxy to multi-proxy techniques by integrating microfossils, sedimentary organic elemental ratios, and stable isotopes, together with typical sedimentary textures and structures, for the diagnosis of storm deposits. A newly-developed proxy technique is employing oxygen isotopes preserved in growing laminae of tree rings, cave stalagmites, and reef corals to diagnose typhoon rainwater impacts. Historical documentary records have been systematically compiled and analyzed to reconstruct the history of typhoon activity in some regions. The extracted typhoon-proxy data show that there does not exist a simple linear relationship between typhoon frequency and Holocene climate (temperature) change. Typhoon activity should have a secular and constant linkage with ENSO fluc- tuations, in that more typhoons and hurricanes make landfalls in China, Central and North America during La Ni?a years than El Ni?o years. This finding is consistent with that derived from recent in- strumental data. Shifts in positions of subtropical high exert great influence on storm tracks, but their long-term relationship is still not well understood. All these findings are significant in projecting ty- phoon trends under global warming scenarios. Future developments in paleotempestology should strengthen the following research fields: (1) proxy generation mechanism and preservation potential, (2) inter-validation of different proxy data, (3) recognition of storm and tsunami deposits, (4) evaluation of paleo-typhoon intensity, (5) numerical modeling, and (6) regional to global scale comparison studies.

Classifications,sedimentary features and facies associations of tidal flats

Significant progress has been achieved in the research of tide-dominated environments in the past two decades. These studies highlight both the importance and diversity of tidal flats in modern coastal environments. Based on their developing settings, tidal flats are subdivided into nine types, which are in turn grouped into sheltered or exposed spectrums according to the magnitude of exposure to waves. The ternary coastal classification model is revised with an embedded triangle to highlight non-open coast tidal flats as major second-order morphological elements to the first-order coastal environments including deltas, estuaries and lagoons. A new continuous spectrum of open coast depositional settings is proposed from muddy tidal flats of tide dominance with wave influence, through sandy tidal flats of mixed energy (tide-dominated), and tidal beaches of mixed energy (wave-dominated), to beaches of wave-dominance with tide influence. It is worth noting that no open coast setting is absolutely exempt from wave or tide influence. Three diagnostic criteria for the intertidal-flat deposits are proposed. Upon an upward-fining succession, (1) regular changes vertically from flaser bed-ding, through wavy bedding and to lenticular bedding are diagnostic of most of intertidal flats; (2) cyclical tidal rhythmites point to sheltered intertidal flats typically at the inner part of macrot-idal estuaries; (3) rhythmic alternations of storm and tidal deposition are diagnostic of exposed intertidal flats, especially the open coast types. Intertidal-flat deposits are generally topped by saltmarsh deposits, but underlain by different subtidal successions, like thick subtidal channel-fills, sand-bar complexes (sheltered coastal settings), and upwards coarsening successions of subtidal flats or thick subtidal sand ridge/bar complexes (exposed coastal environments).