基于优化奇偶重构法的光伏阵列自适应重构技术设计

对于光伏阵列而言,阴影遮挡和阵列损坏会导致其输出功率降低。为了提升光伏阵列的输出功率,提出了一种优化的奇偶重构方法(Optimized Odd Even Configuration,OOEC),纠正了奇偶重构法(Odd Even Configuration,OEC)在局部阴影超过4列时,重构效果差的缺点。所提出的方法将光伏阵列分为自由重构模块和固定重构模块,根据不同的阴影情况调整连接方式,确定最佳的连接关系,并与Arrow So Du ku,Zig-zag,OEC三种方法进行仿真实验对比,仿真结果表明,经过OOEC重构后的光伏阵列输出功率明显提高,光伏阵列的PU输出特性曲线更加趋向于单峰,并且从失配损耗,功率提升百分比,性能比,均衡指数上看来,OOEC有着更好的性能。

预处理技术--家庭生物废弃物处理过程中的微塑料制造者

Mechanical pretreatment is an indispensable process in biological treatment plants that remove plastics and other impurities from household biogenic waste(HBW).However,the imperfect separation of plastics in these pretreatment methods has raised concerns that they pose a secondary formation risk for microplastics(MPs).To validate this presumption,herein,quantities and properties of plastic debris and MPs larger than 50 μm were examined in the full chain of three different pretreatment methods in six plants.These facilities received HBW with or without prior depackaging at the source.The key points in the secondary formation of MPs were identified.Moreover,flux estimates of MPs were released,and an analysis of MPs sources was provided to develop an overview of their fate in HBW pretreatment.Pretreated output can contain a maximum of(1673±279) to(3198±263) MP particles per kilogram of wet weight(particles·kg^(-1)ww) for those undepackaged at source,and secondary MPs formation is primarily attributed to biomass crushers,biohydrolysis reactors,and rough shredders.Comparatively,HBW depackaged at the source can greatly reduce MPs by 8%-72%,regardless of pretreatment processes.Before pretreatment,4.6-205.6 million MP particles were present in 100 tonnes of HBW.MPs are produced at a rate of 741.11-33124.22 billion MP particles annually in anaerobic digester feedstock(ADF).This study demonstrated that HBW pretreatment is a competitive source of MPs and emphasized the importance of implementing municipal solid waste segregation at the source.Furthermore,depackaging biogenic waste at the source is recommended to substantially alleviate the negative effect of pretreatment on MPs formation.

Material flow analysis and global warming potential assessment of an industrial insect-based bioconversion plant using housefly larvae

The significant increase in the demand for biomass waste treatment after garbage classification has led to housefly larvae treatment becoming an attractive treatment option.It can provide a source of protein while treating biomass waste,which means that nutrients can be returned to the natural food chain.However,the performance of this technology in terms of its environmental impacts is still unclear,particularly with regards to global warming potential(GWP).This study used a life cycle assessment(LCA)approach to assess a housefly larvae treatment plant with a treatment capacity of 50 tons of biomass waste per day.The LCA results showed that the 95% confidence intervals for the GWP in summer and winter were determined to be 24.46-32.81 kg CO_(2) equivalent(CO_(2)-eq)/ton biomass waste and5.37-10.08 kg CO_(2)-eq/ton biomass waste,respectively.The greater GWP value in summer is due to the longer ventilation time and higher ventilation intensity in summer,which consumes more power.The main GWP contributions are from(1)electricity needs(accounting for 78.6% of emissions in summer and 70.2%in winter)and(2)product substitution by mature housefly larvae and compost(both summer and winter accounting for 96.8% of carbon reduction).

Feasibility of housefly larvae-mediated vermicomposting for recycling food waste added digestate as additive

The development of methods for the efficient treatment and application of food waste digestate is an important research goal.Vermicomposting via housefly larvae is an efficient way to reduce food waste and achieve its valorization,however,studies on the application and performance of digestate in vermicomposting are rarely.The present study aimed to investigate the feasibility of the co-treatment of food waste and digestate as an additive via larvae.Restaurant food waste(RFW)and household food waste(HFW)were selected to assess the effects of waste type on vermicomposting performance and larval quality.Waste reduction rates of 50.9%–57.8%were observed in the vermicomposting of food waste mixed with digestate at a ratio of 25%,which were slightly lower than those for treatments without the addition of digestate(62.8%–65.9%).The addition of digestate increased the germination index,with a maximum value of 82%in the RFW treatments with 25%digestate,and decreased the respiration activity,with a minimum value of 30 mg-O_(2)/g-TS.The larval productivity of 13.9%in the RFW treatment system with a digestate rate of 25%was lower that without digestate(19.5%).Materials balance shows that larval biomass and metabolic equivalent had decreasing trends as the amount of digestate increased and HFW vermicomposting exhibited lower bioconversion efficiency than that of RFW treatment system regardless of the addition of digestate.These results suggest that mixing digestate at a low ratio(25%)during vermicomposting of foodwaste especially RFW could lead to considerable larval biomass and generate relatively stable residues.

Molecular behavior and interactions with microbes during anaerobic degradation of bio-derived DOM in waste leachate

It is the key to control bio-derived dissolved organic matters (DOM) in order to reduce the effluent concentration of wastewater treatment, especially for waste leachate with high organic contaminants. In the present study, the anaerobic degradation of aerobically stabilized DOM was investigated with DOM substrate isolated through electrodialysis. The degradation of bio-derived DOM was confirmed by reduction of 15%of total organic carbon in 100 days.We characterized the molecular behavior of bio-derived DOM by coupling molecular and biological information analysis. Venn based Sankey diagram of mass features showed the transformation of bio-derived DOM mass features. Occurrence frequency analysis divided mass features into six categories so as to distinguish the fates of intermediate metabolites and persistent compounds. Reactivity continuum model and machine learning technologies realized the semi-quantitative determination on the kinetics of DOM mass features in the form of pseudo-first order, and confirmed the reduction of inert mass features. Furthermore, network analysis statistically establish relationship between DOM mass features and microbes to identify the active microbes that are able to utilize bio-derived DOM. This work confirmed the biological technology is still effective in controlling recalcitrant bio-derived DOM during wastewater treatment.

Predicting the elemental compositions of solid waste using ATR-FTIR and machine learning

Elemental composition is a key parameter in solid waste treatment and disposal. This study has proposed a method based on infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms that can rapidly predict the elemental composition (C, H, N, S) of solid waste. Both noise and moisture spectral interference that may occur in practical application are investigated. By comparing two feature selection methods and five machine learning algorithms, the most suitable models are selected. Moreover, the impacts of noise and moisture on the models are discussed, with paper, plastic, textiles, wood, and leather as examples of recyclable waste components. The results show that the combination of the feature selection and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) approaches exhibits the best prediction performance and generalization ability. Particularly, the coefficient of determination (R2) of the validation set, cross validation and test set are higher than 0.93, 0.89, and 0.97 for predicting the C, H, and N contents, respectively. Further, KNN is less sensitive to noise. Under moisture interference, the combination of feature selection and support vector regression or partial least-squares regression shows satisfactory results. Therefore, the elemental compositions of solid waste are quickly and accurately predicted under noise and moisture disturbances using infrared spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms.

Correction to:Achievements and policy trends of extended producer responsibility for plastic packaging waste in Europe

Correction to:WasteDisposal&SustainableEnergy(2022)4:91-103 https://doi.0rg/10.1007/s42768-022-00098-z The section‘Conflict of Interest'has been amended:‘Pinjing He is the Editorial Board member of Waste Disposal&Sustainable Energy'The revised‘Conflict of Interest'is as follows:Pinjing He is the Editorial Board member of Waste Disposal&Sustainable Energy.

Fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale restaurant food waste treatment plant:Implications of the roles beyond heavy metals and mobile genetic elements

Is our food safe and free of the crisis of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (AR)?And will the derived food waste (FW) impose AR risk to the environment after biological treatment? This study used restaurant FW leachates flowing through a 200 tons-waste/day biological treatment plant as a window to investigate the fate of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) during the acceptance and treatment of FW.Sulfonamides (sulfamethazine,sulfamethoxazole) and quinolones (ciprofloxacin,enrofloxacin,ofloxacin) were detected during FW treatment,while tetracyclines,macrolides and chloramphenicols were not observable.ARGs encoding resistance to sulfonamides,tetracyclines and macrolides emerged in FW leachates.Material flow analysis illustrated that the total amount of antibiotics (except sulfamethazine) and ARGs were constant during FW treatment processes.Both the concentration and total amount of most antibiotics and ARGs fluctuated during treatment,physical processes (screening,centrifugation,solid-liquid and oil-water separation) did not decrease antibiotic or ARGs concentrations or total levels permanently;the affiliated wastewater treatment plant appeared to remove sulfonamides and most ARGs concentrations and total amount.Heavy metals Ni,Co and Cu were important for disseminating antibiotics concentrations and MGEs for distributing ARGs concentrations.Humic substances (fulvic acids,hydrophilic fractions),C-associated and N-associated contents were essential for the distribution of the total amounts of antibiotics and ARGs.Overall,this study implied that human food might not be free of antibiotics and ARGs,and FW was an underestimated AR pool with various determinants.Nonetheless,derived hazards of FW could be mitigated through biological treatment with well-planned daily operations.

Road to full bioconversion of biowaste to biochemicals centering on chain elongation: A mini review

Production of biochemicals from waste streams has been attracting increasing worldwide interest to achieve climate protection goals.Chain elongation(CE)for production of mediumchain carboxylic acids(MCCAs,especially caproate,enanthate and caprylate)from diverse biowaste has emerged as a potential economic and environmental technology for a sustainable society.The present mini review summarizes the research utilizing various synthetic or real waste-derived substrates available for MCCA production.Additionally,the microbial characteristics of the CE process are surveyed and discussed.Considering that a large proportion of recalcitrantly biodegradable biowaste and residues cannot be further utilized by CE systems and remain to be treated and disposed,we propose here a loop concept of bioconversion of biowaste to MCCAs making full use of the biowaste with zero emission.This could make possible an alternative technology for synthesis of value-added products from a wide range of biowaste,or even non-biodegradable waste(such as,plastics and rubbers).Meanwhile,the remaining scientific questions,unsolved problems,application potential and possible developments for this technology are discussed.

Flow analysis of major and trace elements in residues from large-scale sewage sludge incineration

Increase of sewage sludge(SS)has led to the construction of more incineration plants,exacerbating to the production of SS incineration residues.However,few studies have considered the mass balance of elements in large-scale SS incineration plants,affecting the residues treatment and utilization.In this study,flow analysis was conducted for major and trace elements in the SS,the fly ash(sewage sludge ash,SSA)and bottom ash from two large-scale SS incineration plants.The elemental characteristics were compared with those of coal fly ash(CFA),and air pollution control residues from municipal solid waste incineration(MSWIA),as well as related criteria.The results showed that the most abundant major element in SSA was Si,ranging from 120 to 240 g/kg,followed by Al(76–348 g/kg),Ca(26–113 g/kg),Fe(35–80 g/kg),and P(26–104 g/kg),and the trace elements were mainly Zn,Ba,Cu,and Mn.Not all the major elements were derived from SS.Most trace elements in the SS incineration residues accounted for 82.4%–127%of those from SS,indicating that SS was the main source of trace elements.The partitioning of heavy metals in the SS incineration residues showed that electrostatic precipitator ash or cyclone ash with high production rates were the major pollutant sinks.The differences in some major and trace elements could be indicators to differentiate SSA from CFA and MSWIA.Compared with related land criteria,the pollutants in SSA should not be ignored during disposal and utilization.

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and （NH4）2SO4 solutiort at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria （MOB） and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria （AOB） were examined by PCR- DGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure （NH4）2SO4 solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methane- consuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methane- consuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.

Importance of storage time in mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste

Storage was used as a pretreatment to enhance the methanization performance of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste. Food wastes were separately stored for 0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 12 days, and then fed into a methanogenic reactor for a biochemical methane potential（BMP） test lasting up to 60 days. Relative to the methane production of food waste stored for 0–1 day（285–308 m L/g-added volatile solids（VSadded））, that after2–4 days and after 5–12 days of storage increased to 418–530 and 618–696 m L/g-VSadded,respectively. The efficiency of hydrolysis and acidification of pre-stored food waste in the methanization reactors increased with storage time. The characteristics of stored waste suggest that methane production was not correlated with the total hydrolysis efficiency of organics in pre-stored food waste but was positively correlated with the storage time and acidification level of the waste. From the results, we recommend 5–7 days of storage of food waste in anaerobic digestion treatment plants.

Leaching behavior of phosphorous compounds from sewage sludge ash based on quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis

Phosphorus(P)is an essential and limited resource.Incineration sewage sludge ash(ISSA)contains a high amount of P,which can be recovered using chemical leaching methods.However,the recovery ratio depends on the speciation of P and the leaching conditions.In this study,hydrochloric acid was used as a leaching agent,and the effects of the hydrochloric acid concentration,leaching time,temperature,and liquid-solid ratio on the P leaching ratio were investigated.Furthermore,the co-leaching of macro-metals Ca,Al,Fe,and Mg was analyzed.The results showed that P leached rapidly within 30 min,where the leaching rate reached more than 80%and then gradually stabilized.The leaching concentrations of Ca and Mg had a significant correlation(correlation coefficient r^(2)>0.90),and both were leached completely.Al and P had similar leaching patterns,where the leaching rates increased initially and then decreased with time at 0.2 mol/L HCl.According to X-ray diffraction analysis and Rietveld refinement,the P in ISSA was mainly present in the forms of Mg_(3)Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(4) and AlPO_(4).When leached using 0.2 mol/L HCl at 55℃ with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 L/kg,the AlPO_(4) and Fe_(3)(H_(2)O)_(3)(PO_(4))_(2) in ISSA dissolved initially and then precipitated on the surface of the solid phase,thereby impeding further P leaching.

Achievements and policy trends of extended producer responsibility for plastic packaging waste in Europe

The vastly increasing generation of plastic packaging waste has outgrown the infrastructure capacity to manage this waste effectively,resulting in critical aquatic and terrestrial pollution.In 1994,the European Commission implemented the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 94/62/EC,responding to growing concerns regarding the environmental impact of packaging and safe waste management.This study analyses how Germany,Spain,France,Italy,and Poland—the five most populous countries in the EU(European Union)—manage their plastic packaging waste,and evaluates their established Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR)schemes,which are mandatory for all EU Member States by the end of 2024.This research shows that EPR schemes improve the financial and operational viability of plastic waste management in the scope countries,resulting in higher collection and recycling rates.Take-back requirements can incentivise producers to put less plastic packaging on the market,and advanced disposal fees can encourage eco-design.The Producer Responsibility Organisation plays a crucial role in both producer and consumer awareness,and in ensuring that plastic waste is safely managed.However,the local recycling infrastructure of 6.5 Mt in 2018 is a major barrier to reaching 50%recycling of plastic packaging in the EU by 2025.The European recycling capacity only covered about 23%of the cumulative post-consumer plastic waste generation,delaying the transition to the EU circular plastic economy.The recycling capacity has increased by 3 Mt between 2018 and 2020 and needs to continue its rapid expansion to become autonomous in reaching the recycling targets.

A nanoscale observation to explain the discrepancy of electron exchange capacities between biochar containing comparable surface redox-active moieties

Biochar,possessing electron exchange capacities(EEC),is generally involved in environmental redox reactions due to the presence of redox-active moieties(RAMs).The phenomenon that chars containing comparable RAMs possess differential EEC revealed that the accessibility of RAMs is important to the redox properties.However,many studies have focused on the type of RAMs,whereas the distribution has been insufficiently investigated.Herein,we achieved nanoscale observation of electroactive moieties on the surface of six chars using a conductive atomic force microscope.For the two specific kinds of chars with submicron particles and opposite current distributions,the submicron particles took up only 1-4‰wt of biochar accounting for approximately 30-50%of electron-donating capacity(EDC),and electron-accepting capacity(EAC)became 87%and 1.40 times as before after removing submicron particles,respectively.Meanwhile,the combined impact of RAMs and surface topography(that uneven distribution of RAMs resulted in outstanding EEC by enhancing accessibility)was clarified.Furthermore,direct evidence of the link between char structure and EEC(that condensed aromatic structures were indispensable to EAC while both heteroatoms and amorphous aromatics contributed to EDC)was established.These findings can aid in understanding the functions of biochar in biotic and abiotic redox processes.

我国生活垃圾填埋场恶臭污染控制相关标准的思考和建议

填埋是全球垃圾处理处置的主要方式之一^([1]).在我国,随着生活垃圾分类制度的实施,原生垃圾填埋占比逐渐降低,但在部分地区,填埋仍是生活垃圾无害化处理的主要方式.2021年全国城市生活垃圾卫生填埋量约占无害化处理量的21%,西部和东北部分地区的占比高于40%^([2]),县城生活垃圾卫生填埋量的占比则高达57%^([3]).此外,存量填埋设施是我国生态环境新的风险点.

以ZnO为模板和催化剂将PVC转化为分级多孔碳材料

聚氯乙烯(PVC)在250~310℃时发生脱氯反应,碳原子由sp^(3)杂化转变为sp^(2)杂化,随着温度的升高,这些sp^(2)杂化的碳原子进一步组装形成芳香烃类型的碳,热解碳产物往往具有一定石墨化程度,具有较高的导电性,是制作电容器电极的优良前驱物.本研究在没有活化剂的情况下,以纳米ZnO作为模板和催化剂,热解PVC成功制备了高产率的分级多孔碳材料(HPC),比电容(1 A/g)达到226 F/g.通过比较ZnO和PVC的混合方式,以及高温碳化前是否去除ZnCl_(2),发现ZnO会降低碳材料的石墨化程度,同时在材料表面引入含氧官能团,而ZnCl_(2)的作用与之相反.后续可通过控制催化剂的种类与尺寸,改善HPC的孔结构和石墨化性质等增强其电容性能,该研究为PVC基HPC的设计提供了参考.

污泥焚烧灰磷回收制备蓝铁矿

污泥焚烧灰是很有前景的磷(P)回收原料.本研究提出新的磷回收途径:污泥焚烧灰富磷浸出液经Mg/Fe-水滑石吸附、NaOH溶液脱附,脱除Ca等杂质离子后制备高价值的蓝铁矿(Fe_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)·8H_(2)O).通过正交实验,获得了脱附液制备蓝铁矿的最佳条件:温度10℃、pH 6、Fe/P摩尔比为1.5.在该条件下,评估了脱附液初始P浓度和干扰离子Al^(3+)对固体产物蓝铁矿纯度的影响.结果表明,初始P浓度越高、Al^(3+)浓度越低,获得的固体产物蓝铁矿相对纯度越高(达97%);随着Al^(3+)浓度增加,产物蓝铁矿纯度下降,Al^(3+)浓度为532 mg/L时,固体产物中不再含蓝铁矿成分.本研究为有效回收污泥焚烧灰中的磷并制备高价值的蓝铁矿提供了理论依据.