The Probability Density Function Related to Shallow Cumulus Entrainment Rate and Its Influencing Factors in a Large-Eddy Simulation

The process of entrainment-mixing between cumulus clouds and the ambient air is important for the development of cumulus clouds.Accurately obtaining the entrainment rate(λ)is particularly important for its parameterization within the overall cumulus parameterization scheme.In this study,an improved bulk-plume method is proposed by solving the equations of two conserved variables simultaneously to calculateλof cumulus clouds in a large-eddy simulation.The results demonstrate that the improved bulk-plume method is more reliable than the traditional bulk-plume method,becauseλ,as calculated from the improved method,falls within the range ofλvalues obtained from the traditional method using different conserved variables.The probability density functions ofλfor all data,different times,and different heights can be well-fitted by a log-normal distribution,which supports the assumed stochastic entrainment process in previous studies.Further analysis demonstrate that the relationship betweenλand the vertical velocity is better than other thermodynamic/dynamical properties;thus,the vertical velocity is recommended as the primary influencing factor for the parameterization ofλin the future.The results of this study enhance the theoretical understanding ofλand its influencing factors and shed new light on the development ofλparameterization.

New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate Indicators in 2023

The global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human activities.In 2023,the sea surface temperature(SST)and upper 2000 m ocean heat content(OHC)reached record highs.The 0–2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15±10 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules=1021 Joules)(updated IAP/CAS data);9±5 ZJ(NCEI/NOAA data).The Tropical Atlantic Ocean,the Mediterranean Sea,and southern oceans recorded their highest OHC observed since the 1950s.Associated with the onset of a strong El Niño,the global SST reached its record high in 2023 with an annual mean of~0.23℃ higher than 2022 and an astounding>0.3℃ above 2022 values for the second half of 2023.The density stratification and spatial temperature inhomogeneity indexes reached their highest values in 2023.

基于特征重要性的深度学习自动调度优化研究

随着深度学习和硬件架构的快速发展,模型和硬件架构的多样性导致采用手工优化方式实现深度学习模型的高性能部署面临严峻的挑战,因此现有的AI编译器框架通常采用自动调度的方法来实现这一过程。但是已有的TVM自动调度优化方法中存在着代价模型数据集不平衡以及调度时间过长的问题,为了解决这些问题,提出了一种基于特征重要性的自动调度优化方法。首先采用xgboost算法对特征重要性进行分析,然后基于重要性系数降低特征维度并对数据标签值进行重分配,以实现提高代价模型精度和优化自动调度效率的目的。实验结果表明,应用所提优化方法,使3种深度学习模型的自动调度时间缩短了9.7%~17.2%,推理时间最多缩短了15%。

慕课西部行计划的推进成效与实施路径研究

当前,我国高等教育存在区域发展不平衡不充分的问题,制约我国高等教育整体的高质量发展。作为中国高等教育数字化转型的典型例证,“慕课西部行计划”探索运用数字化技术手段,精准对接西部高校教与学的需求,为提升师生数字素养、转变学习方式、优化教育治理提供实践经验与解决方案。采用问卷分析和质性访谈的方式,全面、深入、准确了解“慕课西部行计划”在运行管理、教学组织、课程学习等方面的实施情况。通过分析发现,“慕课西部行计划”已取得覆盖范围不断扩大、课程资源不断丰富、教学模式不断创新、教学体验不断优化等成效。而在现阶段,接受跨校优质资源时,学生的个性化需求能否满足?面对全新教学场景时,教师的能力素养如何提升?推进教学模式改革时,学校的配套条件能否保障?成为“慕课西部行计划”推进面临的挑战。据此,针对师生关注的问题及需求提出改进策略,为提高中西部高校课堂教学质量提供实践路径:一是聚焦课程质量,让小课堂满足大期待;二是搭建交流空间,让好教师能有大收获;三是完善协同机制,让好资源发挥大作用。

Solubility determination and comparison ofβ-HMX and RDX in two binary mixed solvents(acetonitrile+water,nitric acid+water)

In order to remove hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine(RDX),the main impurity,in process of polymorphic transformation of octrahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine(HMX),the solubility ofβ-HMX and RDX in acetonitrile(ACN)+water in the temperature range of 288.15-333.15 K and in nitric acid(HNO_(3))+water in the temperature range of 298.15-333.15 K were measured by laser dynamic method.The results showed that the solubility of bothβ-HMX and RDX in binary mixed solvents increased monotonously as the temperature increase at a given solvent composition or with increasing of mole fraction of solvent(ACN and nitric acid).Solubility data were well correlated by the modified Apelblat equation,Jouyban-Acree model,Yaws equation and van't Hoff equation,and the Yaws equation achieved the best fitting results according to the relative error and the mean square error root.Furthermore,the solubility ofβ-HMX and RDX in binary mixed solvent was compared,based on the solubility difference and the solvent's own properties,the best separation degree ofβ-HMX and RDX was found when the mole fraction of nitric acid was 0.22 at room temperature,which provided data support for HMX crystallization in mixed solvent.The solubility differences between RDX andβ-HMX in mixed solvents were explained from the formation of intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonds.

Metagenomic Insight Reveals the Microbial Structure and Function of the Full-Scale Coking Wastewater Treatment System:Gene-Based Nitrogen Removal

Microbial communities play crucial roles in pollutant removal and system stability in biological systems for coking wastewater(CWW)treatment,but a comprehensive understanding of their structure and functions is still lacking.A five month survey of four sequential bioreactors,anoxic 1/oxic 1/anoxic 2/oxic 2(A1/O1/A2/O2),was carried out in a full-scale CWW treatment system in China to elucidate operational performance and microbial ecology.The results showed that A1/O1/A2/O2 had excellent and stable performance for nitrogen removal.Both total nitrogen(TN;(17.38±6.89)mgL1)and ammonium-nitrogen(NH4 t-N;(2.10±1.34)mg·L^(-1))in the final biological effluent satisfied the Chinese national standards for CWW.Integrated analysis of 16S ribosome RNA(rRNA)sequencing and metagenomic sequencing showed that the bacterial communities and metagenomic function profiles of A1 and O1 shared similar functional structures,while those of A2 significantly varied from those of other bioreactors(p<0.05).The results indicated that microbial activity was strongly connected with activated sludge function.Nitrosospira,Nitrosomonas,and SM1A02 were responsible for nitrification during the primary anoxic-oxic(AO)stage and Azoarcus and Thauera acted as important denitrifiers in A2.Nitrogen cycling-related enzymes and genes work in the A1/O1/A2/O2 system.Moreover,the hao genes catalyzing hydroxylamine dehydrogenase(EC 1.7.2.6)and the napA and napB genes catalyzing nitrate reductase(EC 1.9.6.1)played important roles in the nitrification and denitrification processes in the primary and secondary AO stages,respectively.The mixed liquor suspended solids(MLSS)/total solids(TS),TN removal rate(RR),total organic carbon(TOC)(RR),and NH_(4)^(+)t-N(RR)were the most important environmental factors for regulating the structure of core bacterial genera and nitrogen-cycling genes.Proteobacteria were the potential main participants in nitrogen metabolism in the A1/O1/A2/O2 system for CWW treatment.This study provides an original and comprehensive understanding of the microbial community and functions at the gene level,which is crucial for the efficient and stable operation of the full-scale biological process for CWW treatment.

Persistent mixing bursts in the equatorial Pacific thermocline induced by persistent equatorial waves

A recent study by Liu et al.(2020)suggested that due to the saturation of equatorially trapped planetary waves with different dynamical types,temporal periods,meridional and baroclinic modes,complex layer structures of vertical velocity shear and hence turbulent mixing could frequently occur in the thermocline of the eastern equatorial Pacific.We investigated the occurrence of the interior turbulent mixing as indicated by shear instabilities,above the Equatorial Undercurrent(EUC)core at three equatorial sites along 140°W,170°W,and 165°E,respectively,based mainly on data from the Tropical Atmosphere and Ocean(TAO)mooring array.We found that turbulent mixing bursts persisted in the thermocline of all three sites.Specifically,the interior turbulent mixing layers(ITMLs)could occur in probability of approximately 68%,53%,and 48%at the three sites,respectively.The overall occurrence probability shows obvious and similar biannual variations at 140°W and 170°W,which is higher in boreal from late summer to winter and lower in spring.Vertically,the ITMLs are primarily located above the EUC core and prevail in deeper(shallower)layers from late summer to winter(spring).Most ITMLs(70%)lasted for hours to 3 days,and a few of them(15%)for more than 7 days.The thicknesses of ITMLs were concentrated between 15 and 55 m.At 165°E,the vertical distribution of ITML occurrence probability was different from that at 140°W and 170°W,as it did not show a preference for depths;the durations of ITMLs are short(also from hours to several days)and their thicknesses were between 5 and 25 m.These properties,particularly the high occurrence probability,and short durations demonstrated the persistence of thermocline mixing in the western to eastern equatorial Pacific thermocline and confirmed the generation mechanism by persistent equatorial waves as well.

Realizing methanol synthesis from CO and water via the synergistic effect of Cu^(0)/Cu^(+)over Cu/ZrO_(2) catalyst

The optimizing utilization of ca rbon resources has drawn wide attention all over the world,while exploiting the high-efficiency catalytic routes remains a challenge.Here,a direct methanol synthesis route is realized from pure CO and H_(2)O over 10%Cu/t-ZrO_(2) catalyst,where the time yield of methanol is144.43 mmol mol_(Cu)^(-1)h^(-1)and the methanol selectivity in hydrocarbons is 100%,The Cu species highly dispersed in the t-ZrO_(2) support lead parts of them in the cationic state.The Cu^(+)sites contribute to the dissociation of H_(2)O,providing the H*source for methanol synthesis,while the formed Cu^(0) sites promote the absorption and transfer of H*during the reaction.Moreover,the H_(2)O is even a better H resource than H_(2) due to its better dissociation effectivity in this catalytic system.The present work offers a new approach for methanol synthesis from CO and new insight into the process of supplying H donor.

Prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum

This study focuses on the analytical prediction of subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum considering the volumetric deformation modes of the soil above the tunnel crown.A series of numerical analyses is performed to examine the effects of cover depth ratio(C/D),tunnel volume loss rate(h t)and volumetric block proportion(VBP)on the characteristics of subsurface settle-ment trough and soil volume loss.Considering the ground loss variation with depth,three modes are deduced from the volumetric deformation responses of the soil above the tunnel crown.Then,analytical solutions to predict subsurface settlement for each mode are presented using stochastic medium theory.The influences of C/D,h t and VBP on the key parameters(i.e.B and N)in the analytical expressions are discussed to determine the fitting formulae of B and N.Finally,the proposed analytical solutions are validated by the comparisons with the results of model test and numerical simulation.Results show that the fitting formulae provide a convenient and reliable way to evaluate the key parameters.Besides,the analytical solutions are reasonable and available in predicting the subsurface settlement induced by shield tunnelling in sandy cobble stratum.

Contrasts of bimodal tropical instability waves(TIWs)-induced wind stress perturbations in the Pacific Ocean among observations,ocean models,and coupled climate models

The coupling between wind stress perturbations and sea surface temperature(SST)perturbations induced by tropical instability waves(TIWs)in the Pacific Ocean has been revealed previously and proven crucial to both the atmosphere and ocean.However,an overlooked fact by previous studies is that the loosely defined“TIWs”actually consist of two modes,including the Yanai wave-based TIW on the equator(hereafter eTIW)and the Rossby wave-based TIW off the equator(hereafter vTIW).Hence,the individual feedbacks of the wind stress to the bimodal TIWs remain unexplored.In this study,individual coupling relationships are established for both eTIW and v TIW,including the relationship between the TIW-induced SST perturbations and two components of wind stress perturbations,and the relationship between the TIW-induced wind stress perturbation divergence(curl)and the downwind(crosswind)TIW-induced SST gradients.Results show that,due to different distributions of eTIW and vTIW,the coupling strength induced by the eTIW is stronger on the equator,and that by the vTIW is stronger off the equator.The results of any of eTIW and vTIW are higher than those of the loosely defined TIWs.We further investigated how well the coupling relationships remained in several widely recognized oceanic general circulation models and fully coupled climate models.However,the coupling relationships cannot be well represented in most numerical models.Finally,we confirmed that higher resolution usually corresponds to more accurate simulation.Therefore,the coupling models established in this study are complementary to previous research and can be used to refine the oceanic and coupled climate models.

J-family genes redundantly regulate flowering time and increase yield in soybean

Soybean(Glycine max)is a short-day crop whose flowering time is regulated by photoperiod.The longjuvenile trait extends its vegetative phase and increases yield under short-day conditions.Natural variation in J,the major locus controlling this trait,modulates flowering time.We report that the three J-family genes influence soybean flowering time,with the triple mutant Guangzhou Mammoth-2 flowering late under short days by inhibiting transcription of E1-family genes.J-family genes offer promising allelic combinations for breeding.

内蒙古数字普惠金融发展的区域差异及相关性研究

基于2011—2021年北京大学数字普惠金融指数,采用Dagum基尼系数及Moran’s I指数分析了内蒙古数字普惠金融的发展现状、区域差异及空间特征,发现内蒙古数字普惠金融发展水平呈现逐年上升的趋势,但差异仍旧存在,且区域间差异是内蒙古数字普惠金融发展差距的主要来源;内蒙古数字普惠金融发展呈现显著的集聚性,西部地区盟市主要为“高-高”集聚,东部地区盟市主要为“低-低”集聚,对此,政府可以采取差别的扶持政策来促进区域间协调发展。

生源多样化背景下医药卫生类高职分析化学教学改革实践

为提高医药卫生类高职院校专业人才培养质量,针对生源多样化情况下的分析化学课程进行教学改革探索。围绕教师教材教法,从优化理论教学资源、构建实践实训平台、课程思政元素应用、教师教学创新能力培养等方面开展建设,深度融合信息技术,助推高职学生自主、泛在、个性化学习,形成了培育学生成就教师的良性循环,改进了医药卫生类高职院校分析化学课程教学效果。为生源多样化背景下职业教育相关专业理论性较强的基础课程教学改革提供了参考。

Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans

Changes in ocean heat content(OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum.According to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules = 1021Joules);and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins(the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier–fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022,implying continued amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Regional OHC and salinity changes in 2022 were dominated by a strong La Ni?a event. Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend and was among the top seven in 2022.

The updated weeping forsythia genome reveals the genomic basis for the evolution and the forsythin and forsythoside A biosynthesis

Weeping forsythia (Forsythia suspensa,Oleaceae) is a deciduous broad-leaved tree species distributed in the warm temperate zone of China.However,the species still lacks a chromosome-level genome.In this study,the former draft genome (Accession No.WIPI00000000) of weeping forsythia was assembled into 14 chromosomes with a 712.9 Mb genome size.Weeping forsythia underwent a and b whole-genome duplication events.After the divergence between weeping forsythia and Olea europaea,1 453 gene families had a significant expansion,and 1 146 gene families had a significant contraction.The enrichment pathways and ontologies of expanded genes suggested that the tillering,photosynthesis and growth capacity of weeping forsythia were enhanced after the divergence of weeping forsythia and O.europaea.The contracted genes suggested that the resistance of weeping forsythia to cold and drought was weakened.The last glacial period led to a significant decline in the effective population size of weeping forsythia.Forty-six candidate genes were identified for the synthesis of the forsythin and forsythoside A by genomic and transcriptomic data.In this study,we improved the previous draft genome of weeping forsythia.Our genome will provide genomic resources for the subsequent evolution and breeding research of weeping forsythia.

光照条件下AuPd合金纳米颗粒上原位形成缺电子Pd位点促进高效的光催化Heck反应

光催化技术通过直接利用太阳光来驱动一系列化学反应,被认为是合成精细化学品的有效手段.光催化反应条件简单温和,避免了传统热催化有机反应所需要的苛刻条件,且有效减少副反应的发生,提高催化反应选择性.传统的半导体光催化剂在光吸收能力和活化有机反应底物等方面均存在一些劣势.近年来,基于贵金属纳米颗粒局域表面等离激元共振效应的新型光催化剂被认为是一种理想的可见光光催化材料,并已受到了广泛关注.通常单一组分的贵金属等离激元纳米颗粒在光催化有机反应中依然表现出一定的局限性.近年来,科研人员发展了一些双金属组分等离激元光催化剂体系,将等离激元组分(如Au)作为光能收集器,与具有催化活性的金属组分(如Pd)耦合形成合金或异质结构,可以实现较好的光催化性能.然而,对双金属组分等离激元光催化的催化微观机制理解仍然存在很大挑战,尤其是光照激发之后如何在等离激元组分和催化活性组分之间实现能量转移,催化剂表面物理化学性质的改变如何促进化学反应的发生等问题值得进一步深入研究.本文以负载型金钯(AuPd)合金纳米颗粒光催化剂为研究对象,利用光照条件下原位X射线光电子能谱研究催化剂表面电荷态,发现在可见光照射下,AuPd合金纳米颗粒上原位形成了缺电子态的Pd位点(Pd^(δ+)),这在双金属组分AuPd合金纳米颗粒光催化中起着决定性作用.AuPd合金纳米颗粒光催化剂对可见光驱动的Heck交叉偶联反应表现出较好的转化率和选择性.光照条件下催化剂表面原位形成的Pd^(δ+)为Heck反应提供了理想的反应平台,在温和条件(40℃)下的催化效率与传统热催化条件(>100℃)下的催化反应相当.催化反应动力学研究结果表明,光催化过程可显著降低反应活化能.反应物分子吸附行为研究结果表明,碘苯分子是在AuPd合金纳米颗粒的Pd位点活化的.此外,机理实验和理论计算结果表明,光催化Heck反应是通过AuPd合金上基于自由基的单电子转移过程进行的,原位形成的Pd^(δ+)提供了有效的催化位点有利于反应物分子的活化.综上,本文揭示了双金属组分等离激元光催化材料用于有机催化反应的新机制.

探究如何利用信息化应用技术健全自考考生支持服务体系

简述自考考生支持服务主要构成包括宣传、咨询、招生引导、报考组织、教材供给、学习辅导、免考及毕业组织、考籍管理等内容。从考生视角,归纳支持服务存在的弱点,探究利用教育信息化应用技术、自考特点和发展优势,健全考生支持服务生态体系,完善考生支持服务,努力推动自考信息化建设。

用于实时皮肤创面愈合的超强工程化蛋白凝聚体黏合剂

Adhesives have attracted a great deal of attention as an advanced modality in biomedical engineering because of their unique wound management behavior.However,it is a grand challenge for current adhesive systems to achieve robust adhesion due to their tenuous interfacial bonding strength.Moreover,the absence of dynamic adaptability in conventional chemical adhesives restricts neoblasts around the wound from migrating to the site,resulting in an inferior tissue-regeneration effect.Herein,an extracellular matrix-derived biocomposite adhesive with robust adhesion and a real-time skin healing effect is well-engineered.Liquid–liquid phase separation is well-harnessed to drive the assembly of the biocomposite adhesive,with the active involvement of supramolecular interactions between chimeric protein and natural DNA,leading to a robustly reinforced adhesion performance.The bioadhesive exhibits outstanding adhesion and sealing behaviors,with a sheared adhesion strength of approximately 18 MPa,outperforming its reported counterparts.Moreover,the engineered bioderived components endow this adhesive material with biocompatibility and exceptional biological functions including the promotion of cell proliferation and migration,such that the use of this material eventually yields real-time in situ skin regeneration.This work opens up novel avenues for functionalized bioadhesive engineering and biomedical translations.

Optimization of the Plugging Agent Dosage for High Temperature Salt Profile Control in Heavy Oil Reservoirs

After steam discharge in heavy oil reservoirs,the distribution of temperature,pressure,and permeability in different wells becomes irregular.Flow channels can easily be produced,which affect the sweep efficiency of the oil displacement.Previous studies have shown that the salting-out plugging method can effectively block these channels in high-temperature reservoirs,improve the suction profile,and increase oil production.In the present study,the optimal dosage of the plugging agent is determined taking into account connection transmissibility and inter-well volumes.Together with the connectivity model,a water flooding simulation model is introduced.Moreover,a non-gradient stochastic disturbance algorithm is used to obtain the optimal plugging agent dosage,which provides the basis for the high-temperature salting-out plugging agent adjustment in the field.

A label noise filtering and label missing supplement framework based on game theory

Labeled data is widely used in various classification tasks.However,there is a huge challenge that labels are often added artificially.Wrong labels added by malicious users will affect the training effect of the model.The unreliability of labeled data has hindered the research.In order to solve the above problems,we propose a framework of Label Noise Filtering and Missing Label Supplement(LNFS).And we take location labels in Location-Based Social Networks(LBSN)as an example to implement our framework.For the problem of label noise filtering,we first use FastText to transform the restaurant's labels into vectors,and then based on the assumption that the label most similar to all other labels in the location is most representative.We use cosine similarity to judge and select the most representative label.For the problem of label missing,we use simple common word similarity to judge the similarity of users'comments,and then use the label of the similar restaurant to supplement the missing labels.To optimize the performance of the model,we introduce game theory into our model to simulate the game between the malicious users and the model to improve the reliability of the model.Finally,a case study is given to illustrate the effectiveness and reliability of LNFS.