Grain refinement of AZ91D alloy by intensive melt shearing and its persistence after remelting and isothermal holding

Intensive melt shearing has a significant grain refining effect on some light alloys.However,the persistence of the grain refining effect during isothermal holding and remelting is still unclear,although it is very important for the practical application.In this study,intensive melt shearing was achieved in a twin-screw mechanism to investigate its grain refining effect on AZ91D magnesium alloy.The refinement mechanism was discussed and the persistence of grain refinement after remelting and isothermal holding was also studied.A Zeiss imaging system with polarized light was used for quantitative measurement of grain size.The results show that the intensive melt shearing has a significant grain refining effect on AZ91D magnesium alloy.With the application of intensive melt shearing,the grain size of AZ91D magnesium alloy can be reduced from 530 μm(for a typical as-cast microstructure) to 170 μm,which is about 70% size reduction.The grain refinement achieved by the intensive melt shearing can be partially kept after isothermal holding and remelting.It is believed that the refinement effect was mainly due to the finer and well dispersed oxide particles formed by high intensive shearing.The smaller size of oxide particles and their slow motion velocity in the sheared melt could make important contributions to the remained grain refinement.

Rheo-diecasting of AZ91D magnesium alloy

A rheo-diecasting process （RDC） was investigated for semisolid processing of an AZ91D magnesium alloy. The results of the RDC samples in as-cast state indicate that the microstructure of primary α-Mg particles has a fine size, nearly spherical morphology, and uniform distribution throughout the components. Due to the advanced microstructure and reduced level of defects, the RDC AZ91D Mg alloy exhibits an apparent improvement in mechanical properties. The quantitative metallographic investigations reveal that increasing the intensity of forced convection during the slurry preparation results in a promoted nucleation and reduced volume fi-acfion of the primary phase solidified in the slurry maker.

高鲁棒性的螺旋桨片条理论非线性修正方法

针对螺旋桨极端状态分析计算的问题,对片条理论(BEMT)方法进行了一定的改进。虽然片条理论在常规工况下能够比较准确地计算拉力和功率,但在考虑严重非线性的部分工况下,如很低或很高前进比状态,传统片条理论存在一定的局限性,无法可靠地计算拉力、功率、环量分布及诱导速度。鉴于此,分析了传统片条理论方程解的不唯一性和诱导速度的奇异性,然后结合涡流理论提出了一种环量迭代修正方法,解决了传统片条理论在极端工况下的计算困难。另一方面,为了兼顾多种叶素非线性效应,应用人工神经网络对叶素的大迎角特性、低雷诺数特性及跨声速特性进行特征提取,并为片条理论提供高效的叶素非线性气动特性预测。通过与计算及试验结果对比,验证了修正片条理论方法针对本文计算模型能够在很低/很高前进比下进行准确计算。在本文算例中,拉力和功率的相对误差在常规工作段可以保持在5%以内,在很低和很高前进比下仍可以保持在10%以内。

一种可任意给定环量分布的螺旋桨设计方法

提出了一种螺旋桨快速设计方法,该方法可以根据任意给定的环量分布及工况快速设计出高效率螺旋桨的几何外形(桨叶弦长、扭转角分布)。为对比有叶素阻力与无叶素阻力的最佳环量分布形式,首先对计入和不计叶素阻力下的最佳环量分布表达式进行了推导,分析了各参数对最佳环量分布形状的影响。然后基于片条理论进行了逆向推导,建立了以环量分布为输入的螺旋桨快速设计方法,并分析了螺旋桨理想效率的影响因素,发现理想效率的水平与来流动压、桨盘载荷有关。最后进行了螺旋桨设计实践,对比分析了不同环量分布下螺旋桨性能的差异。结果表明,所提出的设计方法能够根据给定环量分布进行精确设计,相对误差不超过7%,设计性能与参考文献中设计结果的差别不超过2%。

翼上螺旋桨构型耦合气动特性及翼型优化设计

针对半环形式翼上螺旋桨构型,研究了螺旋桨-机翼耦合流场特性,并以短距起降(STOL)状态最优升阻特性为目标对机翼翼型进行全局优化。首先,针对螺旋桨-气动面耦合构型,通过动量源法与真实桨叶模型CFD的计算对比,分析动量源法用于该构型设计分析的可行性。其次,为得到有利于桨-翼耦合特征的新翼型,建立了翼上螺旋桨构型自由型面变形(FFD)参数化模型,采用遗传算法对翼上螺旋桨构型机翼翼型进行全局寻优设计,分析了优化翼型参数及流场变化规律。最后,将优化翼型用于三维半环形机翼,分析其流场特性与二维计算结果的异同,验证二维翼型优化的有效性。结果表明:真实桨叶多重参考系(MRF)方法不能准确计算翼上螺旋桨构型下的流场结构,而动量源法计算结果与真实桨叶滑移网格非定常方法较为吻合;采用二维动量源CFD方法进行翼型的遗传算法优化是有效的,受半涵道的保护,二维优化翼型的优势在三维构型中得到了有效继承;翼上螺旋桨构型的翼型优化应当着重关注翼面曲率变化,在本文计算状态下,通过增加桨盘附近翼面曲率、保持附着流动来加强Coanda效应,有效实现了气动增升,优化后机翼升力提高了22.51%,显著减弱桨盘后高压区并产生二次吸力峰值,同时保持了机翼负阻力特性。

螺旋桨/机翼耦合下的目标螺旋桨滑流设计

针对分布式电推进(DEP)构型等具有多螺旋桨特征的飞行器,发展了通过优化螺旋桨滑流来达到提高机翼升阻比的方法。提出了一种可以获得目标诱导速度分布的螺旋桨设计方法,基于面元法发展了一套可以快速计算螺旋桨机翼干扰的气动程序Prop-wing,基于Kriging代理模型建立了一套高效的优化方法获得最优的螺旋桨诱导速度分布提高机翼升阻比。优化结果显示当拉力保持相同时,螺旋桨桨毂附近的轴向诱导速度越大,下游机翼的升阻比越大。在不对螺旋桨功率进行限制时,优化后的螺旋桨使得下游的翼段阻力相比较安装最小能量损失设计的螺旋桨的翼段减少了18.75%,而翼段升阻比提升达到了25.63%,当优化螺旋桨功率被限制后,翼段升阻比提升为9.62%。虽然升阻比的提升需要付出螺旋桨效率下降的代价,但是研究还是给分布式动力滑流的利用提供了一种思路。