Rills are frequently observed on slope farmlands and rill erosion significantly contributes to sediment yields. This paper focuses on reviewing the various factors affecting rill erosion processes and the threshold co...Rills are frequently observed on slope farmlands and rill erosion significantly contributes to sediment yields. This paper focuses on reviewing the various factors affecting rill erosion processes and the threshold conditions of rill initiation. Six factors, including rainfall, runoff, soil, topography, vegetation and tillage system, are discussed. Rill initiation and network are explored. Runoff erosivity and soil erodibility are recognized as two direct factors affecting rill erosion and other types of factors may have indirect influences on rill erosion through increasing or decreasing the effects of the direct factors. Certain conditions are necessary for rill initiation and the critical conditions are different with different factors. Future studies should be focused on 1) the dynamic changes of rill networks; 2) the combined effect of multiple factors; and 3) the relationships of threshold values with other related factors.展开更多
文摘目的探讨使用双低剂量(低辐射剂量和低对比剂总量)并运用自适应迭代重建(Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction,ASIR)算法重建图像,进行泌尿系CTU检查的可行性。方法 60例有泌尿系疾病拟行CTU扫描的患者随机分为A、B两组,各30例。A组为常规剂量组,管电压120 k V,滤波反投影(Filtered Back Projection,FBP)重建。B组为低剂量组,管电压为80 k V,噪声指数为15,ASIR重建图像。测量并计算A、B两组图像噪声、对比噪声比(CNR)、容积加权CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)、有效剂量(ED),并由3位放射诊断医师对图像进行评分。结果 A、B两组图像质量主观评分为(4.56±0.45)和(3.78±0.56),CNR为(27.82±15.55)和(22.13±13.46),差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组的CTDI比A组降低了55.26%,ED比A组降低了56.82%,对比剂总量比A组减少23.48%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CTU检查使用双低剂量并运用ASIR方法重建图像,能够在保证图像质量的前提下有效地降低辐射剂量,减少对比剂的不良反应。
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 40971165,41001165)Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau(No. K318009902-1315)
文摘Rills are frequently observed on slope farmlands and rill erosion significantly contributes to sediment yields. This paper focuses on reviewing the various factors affecting rill erosion processes and the threshold conditions of rill initiation. Six factors, including rainfall, runoff, soil, topography, vegetation and tillage system, are discussed. Rill initiation and network are explored. Runoff erosivity and soil erodibility are recognized as two direct factors affecting rill erosion and other types of factors may have indirect influences on rill erosion through increasing or decreasing the effects of the direct factors. Certain conditions are necessary for rill initiation and the critical conditions are different with different factors. Future studies should be focused on 1) the dynamic changes of rill networks; 2) the combined effect of multiple factors; and 3) the relationships of threshold values with other related factors.