Etomidate affects the anti-oxidant pathway to protect retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection

Our previous studies revealed that etomidate, a non-barbiturate intravenous anesthetic agent, has protective effects on retinal ganglion cells within 7 days after optic nerve transection. Whether this process is related to anti-oxidative stress is not clear. To reveal its mechanism, we established the optic nerve transection injury model by transecting 1 mm behind the left eyeball of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats received an intraperitoneal injection of etomidate(4 mg/kg) once per day for 7 days. The results showed that etomidate significantly enhanced the number of retinal ganglion cells retrogradely labeled with Fluorogold at 7 days after optic nerve transection. Etomidate also significantly reduced the levels of nitric oxide and malonaldehyde in the retina and increased the level of glutathione at 12 hours after optic nerve transection. Thus, etomidate can protect retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve transection in adult rats by activating an anti-oxidative stress response. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at Air Force Medical University, China(approval No. 20180305) on March 5, 2018.

Effect of water restrictions on the physiological parameters,psychological behavior and brain c-Fos expression in rat

Objective In order to characterize the feature of stress response induced by stressor with both physical and psychological natures,the effect of water restriction performed in different experimental modes on the physiological parameters,psychological behavioral manifestations and brain c-Fos expressions were observed and compared. Methods 58 male Wistar rats were used and randomly divided into three experimental groups (n=18 for each) and a control group (n=4). In control group,the rats were allowed to access drinking water freely at all experimental period. In the experimental groups the water supply to the rats was restricted. In timed water supply (TW) group,the water was supplied twice a day,10 min for each in fixed hours every day. In empty bottle-served (EB) and water-restricted (WR) groups,the water was served only once a day for 10 min,either in the early morning or evening,and in the other time point scheduled for water supply only an empty bottle without water was provided in the EB group and nothing was given in the WR group. The quantities of drank water and eaten food,weight-gaining,and behavior score were observed every day. The serum level of corticosterone was assayed and the rats were sacrificed with fixative perfusion of 3 d,7 d or 14 d respectively,following water restriction (n=6 for each time point in each group). The brain c-Fos expressions were examined with immunohistochemistry. Results The slowing down of weight-gaining,rise of serum corticosterone level,occurrence of psychological behavioral manifestations of unpeaceful restlessness such as exploring and attacking,enhance of c-Fos expression in the subfornical organ (SFO),median preoptic nucleus (MnPO),area postrema (AP),hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN),supraoptic nucleus (SON),medial (MeA) and central (CeA) amygdaloid nucleus and ventrolateral septum (LSV) were noticed in both EB and WR groups,except the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS) in which the Fos expression was decreased. The changes of Fos expression in most of nuclei in EB group began at day 3,at least persisted till day 7,and backed down at day 14. While in WR group,similar changes started at day 7 and reached its peak at day 14. In TW group,only the concentration of corticosterone at day 7 was slightly increased and the rest indexes observed were unchanged. Conclusion The results indicate that water restriction induces physical as well as psychologi-cal stress responses. And the water restrictions experimentally executed in different modes result in different manifesta-tions of behavioral response and brain immediately early gene expression in discrete brain nuclei/regions.

Spatial Distribution of Parvalbumin-Positive Fibers in the Mouse Brain and Their Alterations in Mouse Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Parkinson’s Disease

Parvalbumin interneurons belong to the major types of GABAergic interneurons.Although the distribution and pathological alterations of parvalbumin interneuron somata have been widely studied,the distribution and vulnerability of the neurites and fibers extending from parvalbumin interneurons have not been detailly interrogated.Through the Cre recombinase-reporter system,we visualized parvalbumin-positive fibers and thoroughly investigated their spatial distribution in the mouse brain.We found that parvalbumin fibers are widely distributed in the brain with specific morphological characteristics in different regions,among which the cortex and thalamus exhibited the most intense parvalbumin signals.In regions such as the striatum and optic tract,even long-range thick parvalbumin projections were detected.Furthermore,in mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease,parvalbumin fibers suffered both massive and subtle morphological alterations.Our study provides an overview of parvalbumin fibers in the brain and emphasizes the potential pathological implications of parvalbumin fiber alterations.

Correction:Spatial Distribution of Parvalbumin‑Positive Fibers in the Mouse Brain and Their Alterations in Mouse Models of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Parkinson’s Disease

In this article the wrong figure appeared as Fig.3,the figure should have appeared as shown below.

Microglia and astroglia:the role of neuroinflammation in lead toxicity and neuronal injury in the brain

Lead(Pb^(2+)),a ubiquitous environmental toxicant,may widely affect the function of many organs or systems of human beings,especially the brain.Although lead is believed to transport into the brain through the blood-brain barrier(BBB)and cause direct neuronal injury,growing data have shown that lead exposure could induce brain dysfunction by triggering microglial and astroglial activation,pro-inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory response,generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress,and finally result in BBB dysfunction and neuronal damage.This review summarizes recent studies regarding microglial and astroglial reaction,neuroinflammation,and neuronal death in the brain following lead insult,suggesting that reactive glial cells may represent a potential target for manipulation of lead-induced neuroinflammatory injury of the brain.

新形势下电网企业网站群的建设思路

企业网站作为企业在互联网世界中的永久据点，将成为企业品牌宣传、服务创新和业务流程改造的必要环境，网站群建设的概念在企业网站建设发展的瓶颈阶段应运而生，一经提出就引起大型企业、政府机构、技术厂商、专家学者的高度关注，特别是近两年来中央企业网站群建设逐步成为焦点，许多企业纷纷开展网站群建设，不断丰富网站群理论内容，成功建设的案例也逐渐增多。基于上述背景，本文以电网企业为分析对象，针对大型企业网站群建设存在的问题，提出网站群规划建设的思路和策略，为大型企业网站群新形势下的可持续发展提供参考。