The applicability and underlying factors of frequency-dependent amplitude-versus-offset(AVO)inversion

Recently,the great potential of seismic dispersion attributes in oil and gas exploration has attracted extensive attention.The frequency-dependent amplitude versus offset(FAVO)technology,with dispersion gradient as a hydrocarbon indicator,has developed rapidly.Based on the classical AVO theory,the technology works on the assumption that elastic parameters are frequency-dependent,and implements FAVO inversion using spectral decomposition methods,so that it can take dispersive effects into account and effectively overcome the limitations of the classical AVO.However,the factors that affect FAVO are complicated.To this end,we construct a unified equation for FAVO inversion by combining several Zoeppritz approximations.We study and compare two strategies respectively with(strategy 1)and without(strategy 2)velocity as inversion input data.Using theoretical models,we investigate the influence of various factors,such as the Zoeppritz approximation used,P-and S-wave velocity dispersion,inversion input data,the strong reflection caused by non-reservoir interfaces,and the noise level of the seismic data.Our results show that FAVO inversion based on different Zoeppritz approximations gives similar results.In addition,the inversion results of strategy 2 are generally equivalent to that of strategy 1,which means that strategy 2 can be used to obtain dispersion attributes even if the velocity is not available.We also found that the existence of non-reservoir strong reflection interface may cause significant false dispersion.Therefore,logging,geological,and other relevant data should be fully used to prevent this undesirable consequence.Both the P-and S-wave related dispersion obtained from FAVO can be used as good indicators of a hydrocarbon reservoir,but the P-wave dispersion is more reliable.In fact,due to the mutual coupling of P-and S-wave dispersion terms,the P-wave dispersion gradient inverted from PP reflection seismic data has a stronger hydrocarbon detection ability than the S-wave dispersion gradient.Moreover,there is little difference in using post-stack data or pre-stack angle gathers as inversion input when only the P-wave dispersion is desired.The real application examples further demonstrate that dispersion attributes can not only indicate the location of a hydrocarbon reservoir,but also,to a certain extent,reveal the physical properties of reservoirs.

Fluid identification and effective fracture prediction based on frequency-dependent AVOAz inversion for fractured reservoirs

Fluid and effective fracture identification in reservoirs is a crucial part of reservoir prediction.The frequency-dependent AVO inversion algorithms have proven to be effective for identifying fluid through its dispersion property.However,the conventional frequency-dependent AVO inversion algorithms based on Smith&Gidlow and Aki&Richards approximations do not consider the acquisition azimuth of seismic data and neglect the effect of seismic anisotropic dispersion in the actual medium.The aligned fractures in the subsurface medium induce anisotropy.The seismic anisotropy should be considered while accounting for the seismic dispersion properties through fluid-saturated fractured reservoirs.Anisotropy in such reservoirs is frequency-related due to wave-induced fluid-flow(WIFF)between interconnected fractures and pores.It can be used to identify fluid and effective fractures(fluid-saturated)by using azimuthal seismic data via anisotropic dispersion properties.In this paper,based on Rüger’s equation,we derived an analytical expression in the frequency domain for the frequencydependent AVOAz inversion in terms of fracture orientation,dispersion gradient of isotropic background rock,anisotropic dispersion gradient,and the dispersion at a normal incident angle.The frequency-dependent AVOAz equation utilizes azimuthal seismic data and considers the effect of both isotropic and anisotropic dispersion.Reassigned Gabor Transform(RGT)is used to achieve highresolution frequency division data.We then propose the frequency-dependent AVOAz inversion method to identify fluid and characterize effective fractures in fractured porous reservoirs.Through application to high-qualified seismic data of dolomite and carbonate reservoirs,the results show that the method is useful for identifying fluid and effective fractures in fluid-saturated fractured rocks.

Cold storage alters the fat-trehalose trade-off,decreases the flight ability,and maintains the high survival rate and flight speed of Osmia excavata(Hymenoptera:Megachilidae)

Osmia solitary bees are important pollinators of various crops worldwide.Refrigeration has been widely used to synchronize the emergence time of Osmia species from cocoons with the blooming time of different crops,but the fitness of Osmia after refrigeration remains unknown.Here,the effects of long-term refrigeration at 0℃on the vitality,flight ability,and metabolism of Osmia excavata,which is known as the"king of pollination"in China,were studied.The survival rate(>90%before 120 d),weight loss rate(<15%after 170 d),and mean flight speed of 0.excavata were not greatly affected after long-term refrigeration.The content of fats,which have antifreeze and energy storage properties,was not significantly altered in O.excavata before 130 d of refrigeration,which might explain why the survival rates and flight speed of O.excavata remained high after long-term refrigeration.However,the flight duration and distance decreased significantly(P<0.05),and both were positively correlated with the reduced trehalose levels in 0.excavata(r=[+0.69]-[+0.71];P<0.05).Overall,these findings indicate that the pollination potential of O.excavata for various crops with different flowering periods is high after long-term refrigeration;however,long-term refrigeration may decrease pollination efficiency.Our findings highlight new research directions that could improve the ecological service function of refrigerated O.excavata.

广东车八岭国家级自然保护区独栖性胡蜂多样性空间分布特征及其对环境因子的响应

为更好地指导自然保护区的功能分区,对自然保护地全境及周边区域的生物多样性本底资源进行科学调查和评估是必要的。独栖性胡蜂是农林业害虫的重要天敌,同时也是重要的环境生物指示类群。本研究以独栖性胡蜂为指示生物,于2018-2020年在广东车八岭国家级自然保护区全境及周边区域使用人工巢管技术和公里网格方案(共计100个调查网格,网格大小为1 km×1 km)对南岭典型亚热带常绿阔叶林中胡蜂科昆虫多样性、分布及其影响因素进行研究,同时评估了其物种多样性的空间分布与保护区功能分区之间的关系。本研究共获得4,156根胡蜂类昆虫筑巢巢管和9,973个孵育室,并鉴定出9种胡蜂科物种,分布于89个网格,绘制了其物种丰富度和多度的分布图。结果显示,海拔、距居民点的最近距离和增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)是影响胡蜂物种丰富度、多度及分布的关键环境因子;胡蜂科昆虫的物种丰富度、筑巢量和孵育室数量均随海拔升高而显著减少,且越靠近居民点,胡蜂科昆虫的种类和数量越多,但胡蜂群落的α多样性指标与EVI的关系呈先增加后减少的模式。胡蜂科昆虫群落的总体β多样性为0.21,周转组分为0.05,嵌套组分为0.16,显示物种嵌套是该区域胡蜂昆虫群落组成的主要分布模式。距离冗余分析结果表明,海拔是影响胡蜂昆虫物种周转的显著性因素,而嵌套组分则不受本文所涉及环境因子的显著影响。保护区外的相对筑巢量和孵育室数量显著高于保护区内各功能区,但其他α多样性指标则在4个区域间(核心区、缓冲区、实验区和保护区外)均无显著性差异。这表明胡蜂科昆虫在保护区内各功能分区和周边区域之间具有较高的物种相似性,无明显分布边界。基于研究区域全境网格调查,本研究首次绘制了车八岭保护区独栖性胡蜂昆虫多样性分布图,明确了南岭典型亚热带常绿阔叶林胡蜂类昆虫多样性分布及其与保护区功能分区的关系,建议管理者加强保护区及其周边区域包括昆虫在内的各类野生动物的监测和保护。

Anisotropic dispersion mechanism of inter-salt shale oil reservoir in terrestrial saline lake sediments using cross-band experiments

The rock mechanical properties and elastic anisotropy of terrestrial shale oil reservoirs are affected by various factors,such as lithology,structure,pores,fractures,and fluids.The experimental study of dynamic and static elastic properties can provide important mechanism analysis for the prediction of geological and engineering “sweet spots” in shale reservoirs.There are a large number of studies on the measurement of static mechanical properties of shale,but the experiments on dynamic crossband elastic anisotropy of terrestrial shale have not yet been conducted thoroughly.Therefore,we report the anisotropic dispersion mechanism of favorable lithofacies(lamellar dolomitic shale,with vertical and horizontal bedding) in the inter-salt shale oil reservoir of the Qianjiang Formation for different confining pressures and fluid saturation conditions.The experiments were conducted by the cross-band rock physics measurement technology that comprised low-frequency stress-strain measurements and a high-frequency ultrasonic test.The experimental results indicated that:(1) The elastic property dispersion of the terrestrial shale was stronger than that of marine shale due to the high viscosity of the medium oil in the terrestrial shale.The lamellar structures and interbedded fractures were the main factors that determined the strong anisotropy of the terrestrial shale.(2) The dispersion of elastic properties from low to high frequencies in a partial oil saturation state ranged from strong to weak;the wave-induced fluid flow or intrinsic dissipation of viscoelastic inclusions may be the dominant mechanisms that caused the seismic dispersion.(3) The elastic parameters measured in the direction vertical to the bedding plane had stronger dispersion and pressure sensitivity than those measured in the direction parallel to the bedding plane,and the anisotropy and pressure sensitivity at seismic frequencies were higher than those at the ultrasonic frequencies.(4) Fluid filling reduced the pressure sensitivity of the elastic parameters along the direction vertical to the bedding plane,whereas the opposite trend was observed along the direction parallel to the bedding plane.(5) The anisotropic Gassmann theory could explain the P-wave velocity well at an extremely low frequency,but the prediction of S-and P-wave velocities at a relatively high frequency remained insufficient.Overall,our study can serve as a reliable mechanism reference for the study of frequency-dependent properties of azimuthal anisotropy,and provide important guidance for the seismic prediction of “sweet spots” in shale oil reservoirs.

Cropland expansion facilitated the outbreak of cereal aphids during 1951–2010 in China

Landscape-scale pattern could affect ecosystem service such as biocontrol of agricultural pests. Additionally, pest outbreak has been shown to be interwoven with land-use intensity. In the present research, we collected and analysed the 60-year data of cereal aphids and wheat area during 1951–2010 in China. Regression model was applied to analyse the relationship between pest damage and cropland expansion. Results showed that the percentage of cereal aphid outbreak area in wheat area increased rapidly during 1951–2010. It was 9 % during 1951–1960, while it was above 60 % during 2001–2010. In addition, effect of cropland expansion on damage of cereal aphids was significantly positive, which indicated that cropland expansion in agricultural landscape may enhance pest damage greatly.Finally, we concluded that cropland expansion was one of the most important drivers of increasing pest outbreak,which should be considered in sustainable management of cereal aphids combined with other factor(e.g. climate changes and resistant variety) at large spatiotemporal scale.

Landscape changes have greater effects than climate changes on six insect pests in China

In recent years, global changes are the major causes of frequent, widespread outbreaks of pests in mosaic landscapes, which have received substantial attention worldwide. We collected data on global changes(landscape and climate) and economic damage caused by six main insect pests during 1951–2010 in China. Landscape changes had significant effects on all six insect pests. Pest damage increased significantly with increasing arable land area in agricultural landscapes. However, climate changes had no effect on damage caused by pests, except for the rice leaf roller(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) and armyworm(Mythimna separate(Walker)), which caused less damage to crops with increasing mean temperature. Our results indicate that there is slight evidence of possible offset effects of climate changes on the increasing damage from these two agricultural pests. Landscape changes have caused serious outbreaks of several species, which suggests the possibility of the use of landscape design for the control of pest populations through habitat rearrangement. Landscape manipulation may be used as a green method to achieve sustainable pest management with minimal use of insecticides and herbicides.

Determining the major Bt refuge crops for cotton bollworm in North China

Evaluation of the effectiveness of refuge strategies involved in cotton boll- worm Bt resistance management would be aided by technologies that allow monitoring and quantification of key factors that affect the process under field conditions. We hy- pothesized that characterization of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in adult bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera （Htibner） （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae） moths may aid in determining the larval host that they developed upon. We found moths reared from larvae fed on peanut, soybean or cotton, respectively, could be differentiated using isotopic analyses that also corresponded to their respective larval host origins. These techniques were then used to classify feral second-generation bollworm moths caught in Bt cotton （Gossypium hirsu- rum） fields into different populations based on their isotopic signatures. In 2006-2007 feral moths captured in Bt cotton fields predominantly correlated with the peanut （Arachis hypogea） having served as their larval host, indicating this is the most important refuge crop for Bt-susceptible bollworm individuals （providing 58%-64% individuals） during independent moth peaks for the second generation in North China. The remaining feral moths correlated with soybean （Glycine max） （0-10%）; other C3 plant （20%-22%） and non-C3 plant （12%-14%） host types also provided some Bt-sensitive moths. Field obser- vations showed that peanut constitutes the primary refuge crop contributing to sustaining Bt-susceptible moths dispersing into cotton in North China. These results suggest that peanut may be a more effective refuge to sustain Bt-susceptible bollworm individuals and reduce the risk of development of a Bt-resistant biotype.

Landscape genetic analyses reveal host association of mitochondrial haplotypes in the Asian corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis

Crop expansion often leads to high pest pressure.These pests may have fitness trade-offs related to host use,and some host-associated genotypes may benefit and increase in frequency.However,evidence concerning the effect of host availability on spatial distribution and frequency of mitochondrial haplotypes is scarce.We studied genetic variation of the Asian corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée),across a large area during 2 years(2016 and 2017).Mitochondrial sequence data were obtained from 530 individuals collected from 79 locations in Shandong Province,China.In total,155 haplotypes were found based on the combined cytochrome oxidase subunit 1(COI)and COII genes.Three haplotypes(H2,H12,and H23)were dominant,whereas most of the other haplotypes occurred in low frequency.A haplotype network showed that the 155 haplotypes can be grouped into three clusters.Haplotype clusters seemed to be randomly distributed.The frequency of H12(in Cluster 1)was positively correlated with maize crop proportion,but negatively correlated with other crops(primarily vegetables,oilseed crops,and cotton)at all spatial scales(1-,3-,and 5-km radius).Cluster 2 had haplotype H23,and this cluster was negatively correlated with semi-natural habitats.Cluster 3 had no dominant haplotype and was not affected by landscape factors.We conclude that H12 may be a maize-associated haplotype.Further study is needed to verify the possibility that the carriers of this haplotype may possess some fitness trade-offs.Our study highlights the importance of host availability in O.furnacalis haplotype distribution and frequency.