Particle breakage of sand subjected to friction and collision in drum tests

This paper presents a laboratory experimental study on particle breakage of sand subjected to friction and collision,by a number of drum tests on granular materials(silica sand No.3 and ceramic balls)to investigate the characteristics of particle breakage and its effect on the characteristics of grain size distribution of sand.Particle breakage increased in up convexity with increasing duration of drum tests,but increased linearly with increasing number of balls.Particle breakage showed an increase,followed by a decrease while increasing the amount of sand.There may be existence of a characteristic amount of sand causing a maximum particle breakage.Friction tests caused much less particle breakage than collision tests did.Friction and collision resulted in different mechanisms of particle breakage,mainly by abrasion for friction and by splitting for collision.The fines content increased with increasing relative breakage.Particle breakage in the friction tests(abrasion)resulted in a sharper increase but with a smaller total amount of fines content in comparison with that in the collision tests(splitting).For the collision tests,the fines content showed a decrease followed by an increase as the amount of sand increased,whereas it increased in up convexity with increasing number of balls.The characteristic grain sizes D_(10) and D_(30) decreased in down convexity with increasing relative breakage,which could be described by a natural exponential function.However,the characteristic grain sizes D50 and D60 decreased linearly while increasing the relative breakage.In addition,the coefficients of uniformity and curvature of sand showed an increase followed by a decrease while increasing the relative breakage.

Rural households’livelihood responses to industry-based poverty alleviation as a sustainable route out of poverty

Industrialization is one way to achieve a sustainable route out of poverty.During the implementation of industry-based poverty alleviation projects,rural households’livelihood responses to change are crucial.A stronger livelihood response is conducive to multidimensional poverty relief due to industry-based poverty alleviation projects.Effective poverty alleviation can also stimulate stronger household responses.There is a positive cycle between livelihood response and multidimensional poverty relief effects that can help achieve sustainable poverty alleviation goals.Using a synergistic perspective on the relationship between“people–industry–land”,this paper explains the poverty alleviation logic connecting livelihood response,multidimensional poverty relief,and sustainable routes out of poverty by constructing a four-dimensional livelihood response measurement system with three elements of intensity.We analyzed survey data collected from 2363 households from 4 sample counties in 4 contiguous poverty-stricken areas,and measured and compared the characteristics of rural households’livelihood responses and the factors influencing poverty alleviation projects.Rural households’livelihood responses in four sample counties were moderate.The four dimensions of responses were ranked as livelihood strategy response,livelihood space response,livelihood output response,and livelihood capital response.The three intensities indicated that the perception and willingness elements of livelihood response were very similar,but there was a big gap between those elements and livelihood response actions.At the group level,poor households had higher and more consistent livelihood response than non-poor households.External environment factors(such as location,industry type,village organizational ability,and village atmosphere)and internal family factors(such as resource endowment,income sources,health,education,labor quantity,policy trust,credit availability,and social networks)had a significant impact on households’livelihood response.However,this impact varied across different dimensions and had different intensities.This paper proposes a multidimensional poverty relief mechanism and suggests sustainable routes out of poverty.

An R2R3-type myeloblastosis transcription factor MYB103 is involved in phosphorus remobilization

The members of myeloblastosis transcription factor(MYB TF)family are involved in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants.However,the role of MYB TF in phosphorus remobilization remains largely unexplored.In the present study,we show that an R2R3 type MYB transcription factor,MYB103,is involved in phosphorus(P)remobilization.MYB103 was remarkably induced by P deficiency in cabbage(Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.).As cabbage lacks the proper mutant for elucidating the mechanism of MYB103 in P deficiency,another member of the crucifer family,Arabidopsis thaliana was chosen for further study.The transcript of its homologue AtMYB103 was also elevated in response to P deficiency in A.thaliana,while disruption of AtMYB103(myb103)exhibited increased sensitivity to P deficiency,accompanied with decreased tissue biomass and soluble P concentration.Furthermore,AtMYB103 was involved in the P reutilization from cell wall,as less P was released from the cell wall in myb103 than in wildtype,coinciding with the reduction of ethylene production.Taken together,our results uncover an important role of MYB103 in the P remobilization,presumably through ethylene signaling.