Shipping plays a vital role in the world economy.Around 90%of the world's trade is transported by ship in a cost-effective and reliable manner.Global shipping is responsible for 2-3%of the total global CO2 emissio...Shipping plays a vital role in the world economy.Around 90%of the world's trade is transported by ship in a cost-effective and reliable manner.Global shipping is responsible for 2-3%of the total global CO2 emissions.In addition,shipping accounts for up to 4-9%of all sulphur,and 10-15%of all nitrous oxide emissions.Without taking any measures,these emissions would more than double as seaborne trade is expected to further grow from 30 billion tone miles in 2006 to more than 100 billion in 2050.To counter these emissions the international community has developed frameworks for energy efficiency measures,as well as emission reduction targets for SOx and NOx in appointed ECAs(Emission Control Areas).Biofuels satisfy fully or partially the new emission regulations and sulfur limits without compromising the economy.The goal of this work is to study and evaluate the physicochemical properties of conventional marine distillate fuel and its blends with renewable-alternative fuels(UCOME(Used Cooking Oils Methyl Esters)and HVO(Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils)).展开更多
Sulphur and emissions related limits which are imposed on marine fuels drive the maritime industry to look on alternative fuels. The maximum sulphur content of the fuel has already decreased in the ECAs SOx （Sulphur ...Sulphur and emissions related limits which are imposed on marine fuels drive the maritime industry to look on alternative fuels. The maximum sulphur content of the fuel has already decreased in the ECAs SOx （Sulphur Emission Control Areas） from 1.5% to 1% from 1 July, 2010, and to 0.1% from 1 January, 2015. Globally, the highest permitted sulphur content of fuel will be reduced, as from 1 January, 2020 to 0.5%. Increasing demand of low sulphur fuel is anticipated, leading to a substantial mitigation of marine fuels from residual to distillate ones. Biodiesel or else FAME （Fatty Acid Methyl Esters） and mixtures of it with conventional petroleum fuels, constitute alternative energy source for the maritime industry. The International Standard EN （European Norme） ISO （International Organization for Standardization） 8217 specifies the requirements of petroleum fuels for use in marine diesel engines. According to the previous version of EN ISO 8217：2012, distillate fuels should comply with the ＂de minimis level＂ of approximately 0.1% v/v FAME. Nevertheless, with the latest revision of EN ISO 8217 standard in 2017, the incorporation of FAME up to 7% v/v is allowed in specific marine distillate grades as DF （Distillate FAME） grades. Marine distillates can also include hydrocarbons from synthetic or renewable sources, similar to the composition of petroleum distillate fuels.展开更多
文摘Shipping plays a vital role in the world economy.Around 90%of the world's trade is transported by ship in a cost-effective and reliable manner.Global shipping is responsible for 2-3%of the total global CO2 emissions.In addition,shipping accounts for up to 4-9%of all sulphur,and 10-15%of all nitrous oxide emissions.Without taking any measures,these emissions would more than double as seaborne trade is expected to further grow from 30 billion tone miles in 2006 to more than 100 billion in 2050.To counter these emissions the international community has developed frameworks for energy efficiency measures,as well as emission reduction targets for SOx and NOx in appointed ECAs(Emission Control Areas).Biofuels satisfy fully or partially the new emission regulations and sulfur limits without compromising the economy.The goal of this work is to study and evaluate the physicochemical properties of conventional marine distillate fuel and its blends with renewable-alternative fuels(UCOME(Used Cooking Oils Methyl Esters)and HVO(Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils)).
文摘Sulphur and emissions related limits which are imposed on marine fuels drive the maritime industry to look on alternative fuels. The maximum sulphur content of the fuel has already decreased in the ECAs SOx （Sulphur Emission Control Areas） from 1.5% to 1% from 1 July, 2010, and to 0.1% from 1 January, 2015. Globally, the highest permitted sulphur content of fuel will be reduced, as from 1 January, 2020 to 0.5%. Increasing demand of low sulphur fuel is anticipated, leading to a substantial mitigation of marine fuels from residual to distillate ones. Biodiesel or else FAME （Fatty Acid Methyl Esters） and mixtures of it with conventional petroleum fuels, constitute alternative energy source for the maritime industry. The International Standard EN （European Norme） ISO （International Organization for Standardization） 8217 specifies the requirements of petroleum fuels for use in marine diesel engines. According to the previous version of EN ISO 8217：2012, distillate fuels should comply with the ＂de minimis level＂ of approximately 0.1% v/v FAME. Nevertheless, with the latest revision of EN ISO 8217 standard in 2017, the incorporation of FAME up to 7% v/v is allowed in specific marine distillate grades as DF （Distillate FAME） grades. Marine distillates can also include hydrocarbons from synthetic or renewable sources, similar to the composition of petroleum distillate fuels.
