The antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ESKAPE pathogens from urinary tract infections in a referral laboratory,Northeast Iran

Objective:To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESKAPE pathogens from Neyshabur,Iran during 2013-2015.Methods:A total of 345 isolates including 62 Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),38 Enterobacter spp.(including 14 Enterobacter agglomerans,6 Enterobacter aerogenes and other 18 Enterobacter spp.),123 Enterococcus faecium,78 Klebsiella pneumonia,10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 34 Acinetobacter baumannii were isolated.The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates was conducted with Kirby Bauer method.Data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software using F-and t-tests.Results:Among S.aureus isolates,the highest resistance was observed against nalidixic acid(81.35%)and cefixime(74.50%).Thirty-three(53.22%)S.aureus isolates were cefoxitin resistant(methicillin-resistant S.aureus).The majority of Enterobacter species was resistant to amikacin(100.00%)and cephalotin(66.60%).Most Enterococcus faecium isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid(89.43%)and amikacin(83.33%),but vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolates were not detected.Moreover,among Klebsiella pneumonia,the highest resistance was observed to nalidixic acid(20.98%)and cotrimoxazole(28.39%).Furthermore,all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were resistant to cefotaxime(100.00%)and majority to nitroforantoin(88.80%).Acinetobacter baumannii isolates showed the highest and the lowest resistance to cefotaxime(100.00%)and cefixime(88.71%),respectively.Conclusions:The prevalence of ESKAPE pathogens from northeast region was low,but majority of them exhibited high rate of antibiotic resistance to common used antimicrobial agents.

Prevalence of ESBL phenotype,bla_(CTX-M-1),bla_(SHV)and bla_(TEM)genes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates from 3 military hospitals of Tehran,Iran

Objective:To determine the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase(ESBL)production and prevalence of bla_(CTX-M-1),bla_(SHV)and bla_(TEM)genes among uropathogenic Escherichia coli(UPEC)isolates from 3 military hospitals of Tehran during 2015-2016.Methods:One-hundred and eleven isolates were adopted.The antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.The combine disk was used for phenotypic ESBL production.The ceftazidime MIC was conducted with the micro-broth dilution test.The PCR assay was used to detect the bla_(CTX-M-1),bla_(SHV)and bla_(TEM)genes.Results:In the broth microdilution method,103(92.7%)isolates showed minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC)≥1μg/mL,and also in the combined disk method,89(80.1%of all)were ESBL positive.On the other hand,among 91 ceftazidime resistant isolates,86(77.4%of all)were ESBL positive.The difference between the two methods for ESBL confirmation was not significant.The result of MIC was similar to the disk diffusion method in the detection of phenotypic ESBL production.Among ESBL producer isolates,the prevalence of bla_(CTX-M-1),bla_(SHV)and bla_(TEM)was 77.4%(n=86),47.4%(n=53)and 2.4%(n=2),respectively.These genes were amplified in a wide range MIC of ceftazidime.Conclusions:The prevalence of multi-drug resistant UPEC and ESBL positive isolates was high in military hospitals.The majority of UPEC isolates amplified bla_(CTX-M-I)and bla_(SHV)typeβ-lactamase genes.One-third of isolates were positive in presence of both these genes.There was no relation between ceftazidime MIC and presence of beta-lactamase genes.

Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis isolates from human subjects in Zabul,using PCR-RFLP

Objective:To uncover the molecular prevalence of Giardia duodenalis by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism(RFLP)in Zabul city,Iran.Methods:Twenty-four stool samples were collected from 215 patients with suspected giardiasis by microscopic examination.To increase the sensitivity of the PCR,the total genomic DNA from isolates was extracted by applying glass beads and the QIAamp Kit.A one-step PCR-RFLP method,targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase gene,was utilized to differentiate the assemblages A and B among isolates.Results:The PCR fragment was determined from 30 isolates,RFLP assay of 24 isolates showed 24(100)isolates as Genotype B group BIII.Conclusions:The results with the glutamate dehydrogenase gene assay demonstrated that the predominant subtype of Giardia duodenalis in the area is BIII,which showed animals are the main reservoir of the isolates in this area.

Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Neyshabur,Iran from 2010 to 2014

Objective:To determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL)in Neyshabur,Northeastern Iran from 2010 to 2014.Methods:In this cross-sectional study,a total of 543 samples from patients aging from 9 months to 74 years were included in Neyshabur,Iran.The sampling of lesions was done using sterile syringes.The slides were stained with Giemsa.The leishman bodies were observed under light microscopy.Results:The highest and lowest prevalence of CL was among 21-30 years(P=0.007)and a range of 51-60 years(P=0.156),respectively.The overall incidence of CL from 2010-2014 was 32.2%(n=175).The CL incidence showed a decline from 2010-2014,but was not significant from 47/129(36.4%)cases in 2010 to 18/56(32.1%)cases in 2014.The CL rate was 101/295(34.2%)in males and 74/248(29.8%)in females(P=0.275).The highest and lowest incidence rates of CL in 2014 have been occurred in July and June with 17(36.9%)and 8(19.0%)positive cases,respectively.Conclusions:The incidence of CL in Neyshabur showed a declining trend during 2010-2014.The most susceptible age for leishmaniasis infection was 21-30 years.Leishmaniasis infection rate was not significantly different between men and women.