Characterization of event-related potentials in obsessive compulsive disorder patients: Comparison with depression and generalized anxiety disorder patients

BACKGROUND： Study results of event-refated potential in obsessive compulsive disorder （OCD） remain controversial, potentially as a result of different instruments utilized and their differing technical characteristics. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the differences in several common event-related potentials, Le. contingent negative variations, P300, and mismatch negativity （MMN）, in OCD patients, depression patients, generalized anxiety disorder （GAD） patients, and healthy controls. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A case-control study was performed in the Department of Electrophysiology, Shanghai Mental Health Center from May 2002 to December 2005. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 38 OCD patients, 20 depression patients, and 18 GAD patients, who were diagnosed according to the criteria of Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders （Version 3）, formulated by the Chinese Psychiatry Association, were selected from the Outpatient Department of Shanghai Mental Health Center. Patients with two or more the above diseases were excluded. In addition, 28 healthy people, gender and age matched, were selected as controls. METHODS： Contingent negative variations, P300, and MMN were recorded by a Nicolet Spirit Instrument. All electrodes were attached at Cz according to the Intemationa11020 system, with the mastoid leads as reference and Fpz as ground. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Amplitude and latency of contingent negative variations, P300, and MMN. RESULTS： The contingent negative variations, P300, and MMN were different （P 〈 0.01）. OCD patients showed an increased MI amplitude compared with controls, depression, and GAD patients （P 〈 0.01）. Target P300 amplitudes were significantly lower in OCD, depression, and GAD patients compared with controls （P 〈 0.01）. Moreover, N2 latency and latency of MMN were prolonged in OCD and depression groups compared with controls （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Event-related potentials were different in depression, GAD, and OCD patients and healthy controls. In particular, OCD patients exhibited unique characteristics.

B-PesNet: Smoothly Propagating Semantics for Robust and Reliable Multi-Scale Object Detection for Secure Systems

Multi-scale object detection is a research hotspot,and it has critical applications in many secure systems.Although the object detection algorithms have constantly been progressing recently,how to perform highly accurate and reliable multi-class object detection is still a challenging task due to the influence of many factors,such as the deformation and occlusion of the object in the actual scene.The more interference factors,the more complicated the semantic information,so we need a deeper network to extract deep information.However,deep neural networks often suffer from network degradation.To prevent the occurrence of degradation on deep neural networks,we put forth a new model using a newly-designed Pre-ReLU,which inserts a ReLU layer before the convolution layer for the sake of preventing network degradation and ensuring the performance of deep networks.This structure can transfer the semantic information more smoothly from the shallow to the deep layer.However,the deep networks will encounter not only degradation,but also a decline in efficiency.Therefore,to speed up the two-stage detector,we divide the feature map into many groups so as to diminish the number of parameters.Correspondingly,calculation speed has been enhanced,achieving a balance between speed and accuracy.Through mathematical demonstration,a Balanced Loss(BL)is proposed by a balance factor to decrease the weight of the negative sample during the training phase to balance the positives and negatives.Finally,our detector demonstrates rosy results in a range of experiments and gains an mAP of 73.38 on PASCAL VOC2007,which approaches the requirement of many security systems.