Characteristics of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 and their hospital management

Objective:To determine the risk factors of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Methods:This retrospective study used hospitalization records collected by the Indonesia Health Social Security Administrator Agency(Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan-BPJS Kesehatan).A total of 38277 eligible patients with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed.The dependent variable of the study was the discharge status(death or recovery)of COVID-19.Independent variables were history of morbidity and disease-related occurrence,type of room health facilities,length of stay and demographic variables(sex,age).The analyses use bivariate and multivariate logistic regression to determine the dominating variable associated with all these variables.Results:Of the 38277 inpatients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19,31051(81.1%)were discharged and 7226(18.9%)died.Risk of death was positively associated with older age(aOR 5.74,95%CI 4.20-7.87 for 19-64 years old;aOR 13.75,95%CI 9.99-18.92 for 65 years above),male sex(aOR 1.13,95%CI 1.07-1.19),treated in ICU without ventilator(aOR 5.84,95%CI 5.41-6.30)and had comorbid respiratory diseases(aOR 5.39,95%CI 4.93-5.90),but negatively associated with hospital stay of 15 days or longer(aOR 0.39,95%CI 0.36-0.43).Conclusions:COVID-19 related death during hospitalization was associated with duration and type of treatment,and existing medical condition among the inpatient individuals during COVID-19 pandemic in DKI Jakarta.The findings of the study suggest importance of appropriate and timely medical intervention and care.

Mental Health Disorders of the Indonesian People in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic:Who is Vulnerable to Experiencing it?

The extraordinary situation related to COVID-19 makes people worry about their health,family health,work,finances,and other daily activities.This condition can lead to social unrest,which has consequences for mental health problems.This study aims to determine the mental health consequences at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia.This is a cross-sectional study involving a target population aged 18 years and over who had access to electronic communication devices.An online questionnaire was randomly distributed and snowballed throughout 34 provinces in Indonesia.The study was conducted from 2 to 4 May 2020.Non-parametric and multi-variate linear regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with anxiety and depression.Two thousand seven hundred forty-three participants were involved in this study,with 69.16%female.In sum,6.92%of participants had General Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7)scores≥10 for moderate-severe anxiety symptoms,and 8.57%had Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9)scores≥10 for moderate-severe depressive symptoms.The multivariate linear regression analyses showed that the strongest factors influencing anxiety and depression were a history of mental illnesses,chronic illnesses,the group affected by layoffs or job seekers,unemployed,students,younger age group,living in a rented house,single,and female.In contrast,the lower and secondary education level seems to reduce the risk of depression compared to those with higher education levels.Anxiety and depression occur during the periods of activity restriction during the COVID-19 pandemic and are influenced by several modifiable and non-modifiable factors.There is an urgent need to emphasize vulnerable groups such as those with a history of illness,those affected by layoffs/looking for work,and the younger age group.