Variation Diagnosis and Regional Comparison of Different Intensity of Rainfalls and Their Contribution to Total Rainfall in China in the Context of Global Warming

Using the data of 545 meteorological stations in 1961-2015,according to the rainfall intensity classification standard issued by the China Meteorological Administration,the rainfall events were divided into six intensities: light rain,moderate rain,heavy rain,torrential rain,downpour and heavy downpour. The latter three were recorded as total torrential rain,and all the six were recorded as the total rainfall. In terms of the interannual rainfall and rainy days,the whole China was regarded as an object. Firstly,the annual rainfall and rainy day of different intensity of rainfalls of 545 stations in 1961-2015 were calculated. Then,the variation trend of rainfall and rainy days was calculated. Finally,the variation trend of contribution of different intensity of rainfalls and rainy days to total rainfall and rainy days were diagnosed. It obtained the following results.( i) The light rain in China was declining from 1961 to 2015,and the trend values of light rain and rainy days were-411. 44 mm/yr and-136. 99 d/yr,respectively. Heavy rain and total heavy rainfall showed an increasing trend,with rainfall and rainy day trends of 127. 02 and 463. 94 mm/yr and 7. 93 and 4. 24 d/yr,respectively. The total rainfall showed a ' hockey' phenomenon of ' first rise,then decline',and the trend values of rainfall and rainy days were 204. 29 mm/yr and-95. 81 d/yr,respectively. Except the northern region,the rainfall in most parts of China was dominated by increasing trends and was moving towards extremes.( ii) In terms of rainfall contribution rate,the contribution of light rain to total rainfall showed a declining trend,and the trend values of rainfall and rainy day contribution were both-0. 11%/yr. The contribution of other intensity rainfalls to total rainfall showed an increasing trend. The contribution of torrential rain to the total torrential rain showed a declining trend. The contribution trends of rainfall and rainy days were-0. 06% and-0. 03%/yr,respectively. The contribution of downpour and heavy downpour to total torrential rain showed an increasing trend,indicating the intensity of torrential rain in China is increasing. Although the contribution rate of different intensity of rainfalls to total rainfall was different in different areas of China,the contribution rate of heavy rainfall to total rainfall in most areas showed an increasing trend.( iii) Through comparing the rainfall and rainy days of six different intensity of rainfalls,it can be found that China’s heavy rainfall events are increasing and the rainfall intensity is developing towards extremes.

Ectopic expression of neurotrophic peptide derived from saposin C increases proliferation and upregulates androgen receptor expression and transcriptional activity in human prostate cancer cells

Aim： To determine the effects of the functional domain of saposin C （neurotrophic peptide [NP]） on androgen receptor （AR） expression and transcriptional activity. Methods： We constructed DNA vectors expressing NP or a chimeric peptide of the viral TAT transduction domain and NP （TAT-NP） using gene cloning technology. The effects of ectopic expression of NP or TAT-NP on cell growth were examined by 3-（4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, Western blot, transient transfection and reporter gene assays were used to determine the effects of NP on AR expression and activation. Results： NP stimulated proliferation of androgen responsive LNCaP cells in the absence of androgens. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that ectopic expression of NP resulted in induction of AR gene expression, and that the NP-stimulated expression of AR could be synergistically enhanced in the presence of androgens. Furthermore, reporter gene assay results showed that NP could enhance AR transactivation by increasing androgen-inducible gene reporter activity. Conclusion： We provided evidence that ectopic expression of saposin C-originated NP could upregulate AR gene expression and activate the AR transcriptional function in an androgen-independent manner in prostate cancer cells.

Comprehensive Disaster Risk Prevention of "the Belt and Road Initiative":Important Significance,Catastrophe Risk,International Cooperation and Strategic Countermeasure

"The Belt and Road Initiative"is major decision proposed by the CPC Central Committee with comrade Xi Jinping as the core co-ordinating the domestic and international overall situations,and concerns peaceful rise of China and extension of the strategic opportunity period of modernization construction.It needs multi-faceted safeguards to successfully impel"the Belt and Road Initiative",in which disaster risk identification and its effective prevention and control are indispensable links.By integrating geogeographic and atmospheric environmental factors,countries along"the Belt and Road Initiative"belong to frequent occurrence region of major natural disasters.It restricts not only the economic and social development of relevant countries but also implementation effect of"the Belt and Road Initiative"construction,and is also related to the success or failure of Chinese enterprises going out to a certain extent.It should enhance disaster prevention and mitigation and ensure safety of major infrastructure construction related to interconnection of"the Belt and Road Initiative"by disaster identification and prevention,which is the key of successfully impelling strategy implementation and major need for guaranteeing the people s livelihood of the countries along the line.The work of disaster prevention and mitigation in the countries along the line is generally weak,and it is urgent to raise the level of disaster prevention as a whole by promoting the disaster prevention and mitigation cooperation in the"the Belt and Road Initiative"area;improve the coverage and level of disaster risk insurance;enhance construction in monitoring and early warning capability of natural disaster;strengthen structural adjustment of economy,industry and land use responding to climate change risks;establish a comprehensive disaster reduction forum of"the Belt and Road Initiative",and contain relevant content in"the Belt and Road Initiative"series of high-end forum topics.

Reflections on China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation Strategy from the Perspective of Drawing on Advantages and Avoiding Disadvantages in the New Era

The new era has put forward new requirements for targeted poverty alleviation.Coordinating disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and ecological civilization construction to assist targeted poverty alleviation has become an important direction for alleviating poverty from the perspective of drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages.The Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China has planned and deployed to fully implement the task of poverty alleviation.The current poverty alleviation is extending from fixed-point poverty alleviation to collaborative poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation.Combining the needs of disaster response,climate adaptation,resource utilization,ecological construction,and information utilization in poverty-stricken areas,the role of disaster risk monitoring,forecasting and early warning services is displayed.The disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and poverty alleviation in the new era should be integrated into the national poverty alleviation pattern,actively serve poverty alleviation projects of industry development,relocation and ecological protection,deeply explore the value of disaster risk information and improve the effective supply of disaster prevention,mitigation and relief services,letting disaster prevention,mitigation and relief and ecological civilization construction help the implementation of targeted poverty alleviation.

Does Rapid Urbanization Trigger Significant Increase of Cumulative Heavy Rains in China?

Severe disasters caused by extreme precipitation events have attracted more and more attention. The relationship between climate change and extreme precipitation has become the hottest scientific frontier issue. The study of daily torrential rain observations from 659 meteorological stations in China from 1951 to 2010 shows that rapid urbanization may have triggered a significant increase in heavy rains in China. It reached following conclusions: China’s interdecadal heavy rainfall amount,rainy days and rain intensity increased significantly,with an increase of 68. 71%,60. 15% and 11. 52%,respectively. The increase in the number of stations was 84. 22%,84. 22% and 54. 48%,respectively. It showed time change of " rapid-slow-rapid increase" and spatial change of gradual increase from southeastern coast to central China,southwest,north China,and northeastern regions. Rapid urbanization factors,including secondary industry output( GDP2),urban population ratio( UP),annual average haze days( HD),are likely to be the main causes of the increase in heavy rains in China. Their explanations of the variance of heavy rainfall amount( HRA),rainy day( RD) and rain intensity( RI) in China reached 61. 54%,58. 48% and 65. 54%,respectively,of which only the explanation of variance of heavy rainfall amount,rainy days and rain intensity was as high as 25. 93%,22. 98%and 26. 64%,respectively. However,explanation of variance of climatic factors including WPSH( West Pacific Subtropical High),ENSO( El Ni1 o-Southern Oscillation) AMO( Atlantic Interdecadal Oscillation),and AAO( Antarctic Oscillation) was only 24. 30%,26. 23%,and 21. 92%,respectively. Compared with the rapid urbanization forcing factor,the impact of these climatic factors was only one third of the former. The panel data of China’s county-level total population and annual average of visibility days were significantly correlated with China’s interdecadal heavy rainfall amount,rainy days and rain intensity. Their spatial correlation coefficient increased gradually from 1951-1960 to 2001-2010,that is,the total population of the county level increased from 0. 35,0. 36,and 0. 40 to 0. 54,0. 55,and 0. 58,respectively.The annual average of visibility days increased from 0. 36,0. 38,and 0. 48 to 0. 55. 0. 57,0. 58,further indicating that rapid urbanization triggered a significant increase in interdecadal large-area heavy rains in China.

Comprehensive Risk Prevention of "Ice Silk Road" Construction in the Context of Global Warming

The Report of the 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has taken the Belt and Road Initiative and the implementation of the the Belt and Road Initiative as essential parts of China’s economic construction and multi-faceted diplomatic layout. As an important navigation channel for the ' 21 st Century Maritime Silk Road',the Arctic Route has unlimited development prospects in scientific research,transportation,resources,tourism,etc. Therefore,it is feasible to take this opportunity to adhere to the three policy concepts of respect,cooperation and mutual benefit,to deepen political,economic,trade and scientific and technological cooperation with the Arctic countries and interested countries. Starting from the joint creation of the ' Ice Silk Road' between China and Russia,this paper analyzed the enormous challenges faced by traditional routes. The Arctic Route has the obvious advantages and the values of economy,politics,resources,shipping and scientific research. The development of Arctic Route faces threats and limitations of substrate data,development technologies,and extreme marine meteorological disasters. Therefore,this paper believes that the development and construction of the Arctic Route with the aid of meteorology should be fully integrated into the construction of Belt and Road Initiative,strengthen the research on the geographical and climatic environment of the Arctic Ocean,deepen the monitoring of climate services and climate change in the Arctic Ocean,and create a safe Arctic Route. Besides,it is necessary to vigorously enhance the international cooperation and exchanges in the research of the Arctic Ocean,and build a large-scale scientific research plan with the aid of the joint creation of ' Ice Silk Road' by China and Russia. Besides,it is recommended to develop a variety of meteorological observation methods to enhance the early warning capability of disaster prevention and mitigation. In particular,it is recommended to vigorously develop the offshore meteorological observation capability of the ' Ice Silk Road',and continuously meet the needs of meteorological services and disaster prevention and mitigation for the construction of Belt and Road Initiative. In addition,it is necessary to comprehensively build a Chinese meteorological polar discipline system to meet the future demands of the Arctic Route.

Spatio-temporal Variability of Disastrous Convective Weather in China from 1961 to 2016

Based on the data of hail,gale,thunderstorm and lightning days in 2 481 stations in China from 1961 to 2016,the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics,periodicity and climate abruption characteristics of four kinds of disastrous convective weather in China were analyzed by various mathematical statistics methods. The results showed that in time,the days of four kinds of disastrous convective weather in China decreased,and the hail and thunderstorm days were characterized by " increasing firstly and then decreasing" from 1961 to 2016. The hail,gale,thunderstorm and lightning days in China had oscillation cycles of 3-5,2-3,1-2 and 1-4 a respectively,and the hail and thunderstorm days changed suddenly in 2002 and 1992 respectively. In space,the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and western Sichuan were the highvalue distribution areas of hail,gale and thunderstorm days. The high-value distribution areas of thunderstorm days were also distributed to the south of the Yangtze River. South China and its southwestern regions at the same latitude were the high-value distribution areas of lightning days. In terms of trend,the hail days in China showed a decreasing trend mainly in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The gale days in China decreased in the east,was unchanged in the central region,and increased and decreased alternately in the west. The thunderstorm days in China increased in Tibet,North China,Chongqing,Zhejiang and northwestern Heilongjiang. The lightning days in China decreased obviously to the south of the Yangtze River. In terms of the fluctuation,the hail days fluctuated greatly in the southeast. The gale days fluctuated greatly to the east of Hu Huanyong line. The thunderstorms days in China fluctuated greatly in the northwest and slightly in the southeast. In addition to the small fluctuation in northern Xinjiang and South China,the lightning days fluctuated greatly in other regions of China.

Characteristics and Comparison of Different Downscaling Methods in Global Climate Model

Global climate change greatly impedes the sustainable development of human society.And severe consequences could arise unless effective measures are taken to prevent them under the condition that we have a clear understanding of the trend of climate change.Currently,the most practical way to predict trend of climate change is GCM.However,GCM is unavailable in predicting detailed regional climate due to the lack of regional information and a relatively low spatial resolution of GCM.Such shortcoming is supplemented by the methods of downscaling which fall into three types:dynamical downscaling,statistical downscaling and the combination of statistical and dynamic downscaling.This paper aims at explaining in detail the methods of downscaling mentioned above and comparing their advantages and disadvantages in the hope of offering a reference for global climate prediction.

Spatial-temporal Differentiation of Sauna Days with Different Intensities in China from 1961 to 2017

Sauna weather with high temperature, high humidity and long standby time has become one of the main meteorological hazards faced by urban residents. Based on the daily maximum temperature and relative humidity datasets of 545 meteorological observation stations in China from 1961 to 2017, the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of sauna days with different intensities in China were studied from three aspects: climatic state, trend and fluctuation characteristics, using the standard of sauna days defined by the Central Meteorological Observatory of China Meteorological Administration. The results showed that: firstly, the spatial pattern of sauna days with different intensities in China was high in southeast China and low in northwest China from 1961 to 2017, and the spatial pattern of sauna days with the same intensity in different research periods had little difference, which was in good agreement with the spatial pattern of sauna days with corresponding intensities in the whole research period. With the increase of intensity, the sauna days in China decreases gradually. Secondly, the trend of sauna days with different intensities in China was bounded by Hu Huanyong Line from 1961 to 2017, showing a pattern of increasing or decreasing mosaic in the southeast China and mainly decreasing trend, while the spatial differentiation pattern in the northwest China changed little. The trend of sauna days with different intensities in China increased significantly in 1991-2017 compared with 1961-1990. Thirdly, the fluctuation of sauna days with different intensities in China was bounded by Hu Huanyong Line, showing a spatial pattern of large fluctuations in the southeast China and small fluctuations in the northwest China. And the fluctuation of sauna days and heavy sauna days showed obvious threeblock distribution characteristics. The fluctuation characteristics of sauna days with different intensities in China from 1961 to 1990 and 1991 to 2017 were in good agreement with the whole research period. The fluctuation difference before and after 1990 mainly concentrated in the vicinity of Hu Huanyong Line and its southeast area, and the fluctuation differences increased mainly, indicating that the variation of sauna days with different intensities in the southeast China increased from 1991 to 2017.

Comparison of Slope Length Factor Extraction in Hillslope Soil Erosion Model with Different DEM Resolutions

In this study, non-cumulative slope length(NCSL) calculation method and spatial analytical calculation(SAC) method were respectively applied to extract slope length and slope length factor from 10 sample areas, which are located in Ansai County, north Shaanxi Province. The comparison of computation precision between variable DEM resolutions showed that NCSL was superior to SAC entirely. And the results were best when the DEM resolutions were 5 and 10 m. Besides, the results of slope length factor were nearly the same under the two conditions. So DEM of 10 m resolution can be used to extract slope length.

Integrated Disaster Prevention and Reduction for Areas along the Belt and Road during the 14th Five-Year Plan Period:Global Disaster Reduction and Key Issues for Major Areas

Disaster prevention and mitigation,as the greatest common divisor of people s interests in the construction of the Belt and Road,can not only guarantee the safety of Chinese enterprises going abroad and China s foreign investment but also promote the sustainable development in countries and regions along the route,which is conducive to the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.On the eve of China s disaster prevention and reduction plan during the 13th Five-Year Plan period,this paper studies the key issues in integrated disaster prevention and reduction for major areas along the Belt and Road.First of all,it analyzes the importance and urgency of integrated disaster prevention and mitigation for areas along the Belt and Road.Secondly,from a global perspective,it analyzes the measures for the construction and innovation of disaster prevention and reduction technical system,the key issues in the disaster risk management and the focuses of disaster prevention and reduction international cooperation mechanism along the Belt and Road.At last,from the strategic level,it analyzes systematically the major areas and key fields for research and practice of integrated disaster prevention and reduction along the Belt and Road,including research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction of Silk Road Economic Belt,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction of Maritime Silk Road,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction in the construction of major protects,research and practice on disaster prevention and reduction in the construction of the six economic corridors,research and practice on the construction of disaster prevention and reduction information platform and research and practice on the building of cross-border and cross-regional rescue capability.

Male reproductive function before and after the adjustment of the COVID-19 prevention policy:a multicenter study in China

At the end of 2022,the adjustment of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic control policy in China resulted in alarge-scale increase in public infection.To compare the fertility parameters of male patients before and after the adjustments ofthe COVID-19 pandemic control policy in China,we collected data on patients’medical histories and laboratory examinations ontheir first visits between June 2022 and March 2023 in five different hospitals.Data were divided into five groups according tothe timeline of the policy adjustment.The data we collected from male patients included semen quality and serum reproductivehormone levels,and intergroup comparisons were made using the Mann–Whitney U and Chi-square tests.In total,16784 casesunderwent regular semen analysis,11180 had sperm morphology assessments,and 7200 had reproductive hormone analyses.Thedata showed declining trends in semen volume,sperm motility,and the progressive sperm motility rate after the policy adjustment.Subgroup comparison revealed an initial decrease and gradual recovery in progressive motility rate.Sperm morphology analysisshowed increased neck and tail abnormalities after the policy adjustment.No significant change in hormone levels was observed.Following the adjustment of the COVID-19 prevention policy in China,a decline in sperm motility and morphology was observed.This trend may gradually recover over 2 months.After the policy adjustment,reproductive hormone levels were relatively stablethroughout,except for an increase in luteinizing hormone(LH).These changes in semen parameters suggest that the policyadjustment had a short-to medium-term impact on male reproductive function.

Sex dimorphic cortical brain volumes associated with antisocial behavior in young adults

Background:Although sex differences in antisocial behavior are well-documented,the extent to which neuroanatomical differences are related to sex differences in antisocial behavior is unclear.The inconsistent results from different clinical populations exhibiting antisocial behaviors are mainly due to the heterogeneity in etiologies,comorbidity inequality,and small sample size,especially in females.Objective:The study aimed to find sexual dimorphic brain regions associated with individual differences in antisocial behavior while avoiding the issues of heterogeneity and sample size.Methods:We collected structural neuroimaging data from 281 college students(131 males,150 females)and analyzed the data using voxel-based morphometry.Results:The gray matter volume in three brain regions correlates with self-reported antisocial behavior in males and females differ-ently:the posterior superior temporal sulcus,middle temporal gyrus,and precuneus.The findings have controlled for the total cortical gray matter volume,age,IQ,and socioeconomic status.Additionally,we found a common neural substrate of antisocial behavior in both males and females,extending from the anterior temporal lobe to the insula.Conclusion:This is the first neuroanatomical evidence from a large non-clinical sample of young adults.The study suggests that differences in males and females in reading social cues,understanding intentions and emotions,and responding to conflicts may contribute to the modulation of brain morphometry concerning antisocial behavior.

Endoscopic Approach to Remove Intra-extracranial Tumors in Various Skull Base Regions： 10-year Experience of a Single Center

Background：Some problems have been found in the usually adopted combined approach for the removal of intra-extracranial tumors in skull base.Herein,we described a pure endoscopic transnasal or transoral approach （ETA） for the removal of intra-extracranial tumors in various skull base regions.Methods：Retrospectively,clinical data,major surgical complications,pre-and postoperative images,and follow-up information of a series of 85 patients with intra-extracranial tumors in various skull base regions who were treated by surgery via ETA in our skull base center during the past 10 years were reviewed and analyzed.Results：Gross total tumor removal was achieved in 80/85 cases （94.1%） in this study.All 37 cases with tumors in anterior skull base and all 14 cases with tumors in jugular foramen received total tumor removal.Thirteen and three cases with tumors in clivus received total and subtotal tumor removal,respectively.Total and subtotal tumor removal was performed for 16 cases and 2 cases in lateral skull base,respectively.The complications in this study included：cerebrospinal fluid leakage （n =3）,meningitis （n =3）,and new cranial nerve deficits （n =3;recovered in 3 months after surgery）.In the follow-up period of40-151 months （median：77 months）,seven patients （8.8%） out of the 80 cases of total tumor removal experienced recurrence.Conclusions：Complete resection of intra-extracranial growing tumors in various skull base regions can be achieved via the pure ETA in one stage in selected cases.Surgical procedure for radical removal of tumors is feasible and safe.

Hierarchical Community Detection Based on Partial Matrix Convergence Using Random Walks

Random walks are a standard tool for modeling the spreading process in social and biological systems But in the face of large-scale networks, to achieve convergence, iterative calculation of the transition matrix in random walk methods consumes a lot of time. In this paper, we propose a three-stage hierarchical community detection algorithm based on Partial Matrix Approximation Convergence （PMAC） using random walks. First, this algorithm identifies the initial core nodes in a network by classical measurement and then utilizes the error function of the partial transition matrix convergence of the core nodes to determine the number of random walks steps. As such, the PMAC of the core nodes replaces the final convergence of all the nodes in the whole matrix. Finally based on the approximation convergence transition matrix, we cluster the communities around core nodes and use a closeness index to merge two communities. By recursively repeating the process, a dendrogram of the communities is eventually constructed. We validated the performance of the PMAC by comparing its results with those of two representative methods for three real-world networks with different scales