Rice is the main grain crop in China. With global warming, drought and water shortage have become one of the important factors limiting rice production. Improving the drought resistance of rice can effectively allevia...Rice is the main grain crop in China. With global warming, drought and water shortage have become one of the important factors limiting rice production. Improving the drought resistance of rice can effectively alleviate the loss of rice yield caused by drought. In this paper, the research progress on rice drought resistance and its evaluation methods, mapping of QTLs for drought resistance-related traits, and mining for drought resistance genes were reviewed, and molecular breeding for drought resistance in rice was prospected.展开更多
On-road tailpipe ammonia (NH3) emissions contribute to urban secondary organic aerosol formation and have direct or indirect adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To understand the tailpipe NH3 emission...On-road tailpipe ammonia (NH3) emissions contribute to urban secondary organic aerosol formation and have direct or indirect adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To understand the tailpipe NH3 emission characteristics, we performed comprehensive chassis dynamometer measurements of NH3 emission from two China 5 and two China 6 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) equipped with three-way catalytic converters (TWCs). The results showed that the distance-based emission factors (EFs) were 12.72 ± 2.68 and 3.18 ± 1.37 mg/km for China 5 and China 6 LDGVs, respectively. Upgrades in emission standards were associated with a reduction in tailpipe NH3 emission. In addition, high NH3 EFs were observed during the engine warm-up period in cold-start cases owing to the intensive emissions of incomplete combustion products and suitable catalytic temperature in the TWCs. Notably, based on the instantaneous NH3 emission rate, distinct NH3–emitting events were detected under high/extra high velocity or rapid acceleration. Furthermore, NH3 emission rates correlated well with engine speed, vehicle specific power, and modified combustion efficiency, which were more easily accessible. These strong correlations were applied to reproduce NH3 emissions from China 5/6 LDGVs. The predicted NH3 EFs under different dynamometer and real-world cycles agreed well with existing measurement and prediction results, revealing that the NH3 EFs of LDGVs in urban routes were within 8.55–11.62 mg/km. The results presented here substantially contribute to improving the NH3 emission inventory for LDGVs and predicting on-road NH3 emissions in China.展开更多
The ubiquitin-related modifier Urm1 can be covalently conjugated to lysine residues of other proteins,such as yeast Ahp1 and human MOCS3,through a mechanism involving the E1-like protein Uba4(MOCS3 in humans).Similar ...The ubiquitin-related modifier Urm1 can be covalently conjugated to lysine residues of other proteins,such as yeast Ahp1 and human MOCS3,through a mechanism involving the E1-like protein Uba4(MOCS3 in humans).Similar to ubiquitination,urmylation requires a thioester intermediate and forms isopeptide bonds between Urm1 and its substrates.In addition,the urmylation process can be significantly enhanced by oxidative stress.Recent findings have demonstrated that Urm1 also acts as a sulfur carrier in the thiolation of eukaryotic tRNA via a mechanism that requires the formation of a thiocarboxylated Urm1.This role is very similar to that of prokaryotic sulfur carriers such as MoaD and ThiS.Evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that Urm1 is the molecular fossil in the evolutionary link between prokaryotic sulfur carriers and eukaryotic ubiquitin-like proteins.In the present review,we discuss the dual role of Urm1 in protein and tRNA modification.展开更多
The research uses the development of 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)in the human body as an example to explore the microstructures and dynamic processes of a concise complex system from the lens of the five-p...The research uses the development of 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)in the human body as an example to explore the microstructures and dynamic processes of a concise complex system from the lens of the five-phase system.Based on the structural balance theory and system dynamics,the research finds that Iransitive triads and cyclic triads in the fivephase system are both imbalanced.The integration of these differentiated triads comprises of a balaneed intermediate form in the shape of quadrangular cycles.These cycles serve as microstructures of the five-phase system,due to the inherent balancing feedback mechanism,and support the generation of resultants.The alter nation of quadra ngular cycles drives the spirali ng development of the whole system.By orderly and regular in terweaving of sig ned directed links,the research provides a holistic,process-oriented demonstrati on for the developme nt processes of COVID-19.It clarifies that the esse nee of the five-phase system is phase-tra nsition processes with the quadrangular cycle as carrier and supporter,rather than the static aggregati on of five elements.The research deep ens the understanding of system non linearity by visualizi ng the circular causality and promotes the academic dialogue between the Western process theory and the Chinese inherited notion of the fivephase system.展开更多
Although exploration and exploitation, as a pair of paradoxical organizational outcomes, are generated by different causal conditions, the conjunction of their respective causal antecedents has yet to be fully examine...Although exploration and exploitation, as a pair of paradoxical organizational outcomes, are generated by different causal conditions, the conjunction of their respective causal antecedents has yet to be fully examined. Combining environmental uncertainty, unit interdependence, entrepreneurial bricolage and firm life cycle stage in a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), the distinct causal configurations of exploration and exploitation are formalized and compared based on a survey of founders or high-level managers in 63 small firms. Results show that contrasted relationships between entrepreneurial bricolage and unit interdependenee exist in that the two antecedents are partial substitutes in exploration whereas they are complements in exploitation when combined with other conditions. This study provides empirical evidence on the causal configurations of exploration and exploitation and deepens our current understanding of ambidexterity.展开更多
With a focus on the alignment between business strategies and organization design, this illustrative case study describes and analyzes the evolution and reform of Midea＇s organizational structure when confronting bot...With a focus on the alignment between business strategies and organization design, this illustrative case study describes and analyzes the evolution and reform of Midea＇s organizational structure when confronting both internal and external changes. As one of China＇s biggest and fastest-growing household appliance enterprises, Midea adopted, discarded and readopted an M-form~ organizational structure within a five-year period from 1997. This case study first investigates the reasons behind Midea＇s reform toward decentralization and the formation of governing rules to balance centralization and decentralization. Different decentralized structures are then contrasted basing on product segments, business streams or even key subsidiaries acting as second-tier group companies. After its trial transformation into an H-form company that holds majority shares in several incorporated subsidiaries, Midea chose to switch to a group company incorporated structure soon after its leadership transition in 2012. Preceding the shortening of the group＇s ownership chain was the construction, refinement, and evolution of its 9＋2＋4 divisional structure. This case study is prepared to provoke discussion and thoughts on the （re）design of a properly decentralized structure suitable for large-sized companies with multiple businesses and the links with external and internal factors.展开更多
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (1908085MC93)Major Science and Technology Project of Anhui Province (2021d06050002)Anhui Province Joint Research on Improved Crop Varieties (Rice)。
文摘Rice is the main grain crop in China. With global warming, drought and water shortage have become one of the important factors limiting rice production. Improving the drought resistance of rice can effectively alleviate the loss of rice yield caused by drought. In this paper, the research progress on rice drought resistance and its evaluation methods, mapping of QTLs for drought resistance-related traits, and mining for drought resistance genes were reviewed, and molecular breeding for drought resistance in rice was prospected.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51978404,42105100,and 41977180)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(China)(Nos.2021A1515110297 and 2022A1515010866)the Basic Research of Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(China)(No.JCYJ20190808145218827).
文摘On-road tailpipe ammonia (NH3) emissions contribute to urban secondary organic aerosol formation and have direct or indirect adverse impacts on the environment and human health. To understand the tailpipe NH3 emission characteristics, we performed comprehensive chassis dynamometer measurements of NH3 emission from two China 5 and two China 6 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) equipped with three-way catalytic converters (TWCs). The results showed that the distance-based emission factors (EFs) were 12.72 ± 2.68 and 3.18 ± 1.37 mg/km for China 5 and China 6 LDGVs, respectively. Upgrades in emission standards were associated with a reduction in tailpipe NH3 emission. In addition, high NH3 EFs were observed during the engine warm-up period in cold-start cases owing to the intensive emissions of incomplete combustion products and suitable catalytic temperature in the TWCs. Notably, based on the instantaneous NH3 emission rate, distinct NH3–emitting events were detected under high/extra high velocity or rapid acceleration. Furthermore, NH3 emission rates correlated well with engine speed, vehicle specific power, and modified combustion efficiency, which were more easily accessible. These strong correlations were applied to reproduce NH3 emissions from China 5/6 LDGVs. The predicted NH3 EFs under different dynamometer and real-world cycles agreed well with existing measurement and prediction results, revealing that the NH3 EFs of LDGVs in urban routes were within 8.55–11.62 mg/km. The results presented here substantially contribute to improving the NH3 emission inventory for LDGVs and predicting on-road NH3 emissions in China.
文摘The ubiquitin-related modifier Urm1 can be covalently conjugated to lysine residues of other proteins,such as yeast Ahp1 and human MOCS3,through a mechanism involving the E1-like protein Uba4(MOCS3 in humans).Similar to ubiquitination,urmylation requires a thioester intermediate and forms isopeptide bonds between Urm1 and its substrates.In addition,the urmylation process can be significantly enhanced by oxidative stress.Recent findings have demonstrated that Urm1 also acts as a sulfur carrier in the thiolation of eukaryotic tRNA via a mechanism that requires the formation of a thiocarboxylated Urm1.This role is very similar to that of prokaryotic sulfur carriers such as MoaD and ThiS.Evidence strongly supports the hypothesis that Urm1 is the molecular fossil in the evolutionary link between prokaryotic sulfur carriers and eukaryotic ubiquitin-like proteins.In the present review,we discuss the dual role of Urm1 in protein and tRNA modification.
基金supported by the Major Basic Research Project of Scientific Research Program at the Renmin University of China(Project No.:13XNL004,Project Name:Research on Organizational Transformation and Path Creation of Large Enterprises in China).
文摘The research uses the development of 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)in the human body as an example to explore the microstructures and dynamic processes of a concise complex system from the lens of the five-phase system.Based on the structural balance theory and system dynamics,the research finds that Iransitive triads and cyclic triads in the fivephase system are both imbalanced.The integration of these differentiated triads comprises of a balaneed intermediate form in the shape of quadrangular cycles.These cycles serve as microstructures of the five-phase system,due to the inherent balancing feedback mechanism,and support the generation of resultants.The alter nation of quadra ngular cycles drives the spirali ng development of the whole system.By orderly and regular in terweaving of sig ned directed links,the research provides a holistic,process-oriented demonstrati on for the developme nt processes of COVID-19.It clarifies that the esse nee of the five-phase system is phase-tra nsition processes with the quadrangular cycle as carrier and supporter,rather than the static aggregati on of five elements.The research deep ens the understanding of system non linearity by visualizi ng the circular causality and promotes the academic dialogue between the Western process theory and the Chinese inherited notion of the fivephase system.
文摘Although exploration and exploitation, as a pair of paradoxical organizational outcomes, are generated by different causal conditions, the conjunction of their respective causal antecedents has yet to be fully examined. Combining environmental uncertainty, unit interdependence, entrepreneurial bricolage and firm life cycle stage in a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), the distinct causal configurations of exploration and exploitation are formalized and compared based on a survey of founders or high-level managers in 63 small firms. Results show that contrasted relationships between entrepreneurial bricolage and unit interdependenee exist in that the two antecedents are partial substitutes in exploration whereas they are complements in exploitation when combined with other conditions. This study provides empirical evidence on the causal configurations of exploration and exploitation and deepens our current understanding of ambidexterity.
文摘With a focus on the alignment between business strategies and organization design, this illustrative case study describes and analyzes the evolution and reform of Midea＇s organizational structure when confronting both internal and external changes. As one of China＇s biggest and fastest-growing household appliance enterprises, Midea adopted, discarded and readopted an M-form~ organizational structure within a five-year period from 1997. This case study first investigates the reasons behind Midea＇s reform toward decentralization and the formation of governing rules to balance centralization and decentralization. Different decentralized structures are then contrasted basing on product segments, business streams or even key subsidiaries acting as second-tier group companies. After its trial transformation into an H-form company that holds majority shares in several incorporated subsidiaries, Midea chose to switch to a group company incorporated structure soon after its leadership transition in 2012. Preceding the shortening of the group＇s ownership chain was the construction, refinement, and evolution of its 9＋2＋4 divisional structure. This case study is prepared to provoke discussion and thoughts on the （re）design of a properly decentralized structure suitable for large-sized companies with multiple businesses and the links with external and internal factors.
