The Bianqiao Formation (in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province, China) is a typical set of continuous lacustrine carbonate deposits during the Cretaceous-Paleogene period, which is considered as an ideal stratigraphic...The Bianqiao Formation (in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province, China) is a typical set of continuous lacustrine carbonate deposits during the Cretaceous-Paleogene period, which is considered as an ideal stratigraphic unit for KPB research. This study is based on the borehole PYZK01, which is located at Tongjiazhuang village in Bianqiao Town of Pingyi country. According to biostratigraphy research, the Bianqiao Formtion establishes one charophyte assemblage: Porocharaanluensis-Charayuntaishanensis var. acuta-Turbocharaspecialis, and one sporopollen assemblage: Deltoidosporaadriensis-Rugubivesiculites- Schizaeoisporites. This result indicates that the stratigraphic age during 0 - 12.25 m is the Paleogene, 37.8 m - 60 m is the Late Cretaceous, and 12.25 - 37.8 m is a transition stage from the Late Cretaceous to the Paleocene. By geochemical study, it was established carbon and oxygen isotopic strata in the drill. Through the magnetostratigraphy research, we find eight positive polarity zones and seven reversed polarity zones, build the magnetic polarity sequences of the borehole, and propose a contrast scheme with the international standard magnetic polarity time column. After comprehensive discussion, it is preliminarily believed that the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary is located at the depth of 31.98 m in PYZK01, namely, in the first section of the Bianqiao Fm.展开更多
Background:As leprosy elimination becomes an increasingly realistic goal,it is essential to determine the factors that contribute to its persistence.We evaluate social and economic factors as predictors of leprosy ann...Background:As leprosy elimination becomes an increasingly realistic goal,it is essential to determine the factors that contribute to its persistence.We evaluate social and economic factors as predictors of leprosy annual new case detection rates within India,where the majority of leprosy cases occur.Methods:We used correlation and linear mixed effect regressions to assess whether poverty,illiteracy,nighttime satellite radiance(an index of development),and other covariates can explain district-wise annual new case detection rate and Grade 2 disability diagnoses.Results:We find only weak evidence of an association between poverty and annual new case detection rates at the district level,though illiteracy and satellite radiance are statistically significant predictors of leprosy at the district level.We find no evidence of rapid decline over the period 2008-2015 in either new case detection or new Grade 2 disability.Conclusions:Our findings suggest a somewhat higher rate of leprosy detection,on average,in poorer districts;the overall effect is weak.The divide between leprosy case detection and true incidence of clinical leprosy complicates these results,particularly given that the detection rate is likely disproportionately lower in impoverished settings.Additional information is needed to distinguish the determinants of leprosy case detection and transmission during the elimination epoch.展开更多
文摘The Bianqiao Formation (in the Pingyi Basin, Shandong Province, China) is a typical set of continuous lacustrine carbonate deposits during the Cretaceous-Paleogene period, which is considered as an ideal stratigraphic unit for KPB research. This study is based on the borehole PYZK01, which is located at Tongjiazhuang village in Bianqiao Town of Pingyi country. According to biostratigraphy research, the Bianqiao Formtion establishes one charophyte assemblage: Porocharaanluensis-Charayuntaishanensis var. acuta-Turbocharaspecialis, and one sporopollen assemblage: Deltoidosporaadriensis-Rugubivesiculites- Schizaeoisporites. This result indicates that the stratigraphic age during 0 - 12.25 m is the Paleogene, 37.8 m - 60 m is the Late Cretaceous, and 12.25 - 37.8 m is a transition stage from the Late Cretaceous to the Paleocene. By geochemical study, it was established carbon and oxygen isotopic strata in the drill. Through the magnetostratigraphy research, we find eight positive polarity zones and seven reversed polarity zones, build the magnetic polarity sequences of the borehole, and propose a contrast scheme with the international standard magnetic polarity time column. After comprehensive discussion, it is preliminarily believed that the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary is located at the depth of 31.98 m in PYZK01, namely, in the first section of the Bianqiao Fm.
基金KHG,WC,RKS,BG,and TCP acknowledge support from the Meaningful Modeling of Epidemiological Data(MMED)program,a NIH-funded joint initiative under the University of Florida,the South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis(SACEMA)the African Institute for Mathematical Sciences(AIMS)(NIH NIGMS R25GM102149 to J.R.C.Pulliam and A.Welte.).LW,TML,AG,and TCP acknowledge funding of the NTD Modelling Consortium by Novartis Foundation.The views,opinions,assumptions and conclusions or any other information set out in this article are solely those of the authors and not of Novartis Foundation.Novartis Foundation was not involved in the establishment of this article and this article should not be attributed to Novartis Foundation or any person connected with Novartis Foundation+1 种基金TCP acknowledges support from the US NIH NIGMS MIDAS program,U01-GM087728AG acknowledges support from US NIH NIGMS MIDAS award U01-GM087719.
文摘Background:As leprosy elimination becomes an increasingly realistic goal,it is essential to determine the factors that contribute to its persistence.We evaluate social and economic factors as predictors of leprosy annual new case detection rates within India,where the majority of leprosy cases occur.Methods:We used correlation and linear mixed effect regressions to assess whether poverty,illiteracy,nighttime satellite radiance(an index of development),and other covariates can explain district-wise annual new case detection rate and Grade 2 disability diagnoses.Results:We find only weak evidence of an association between poverty and annual new case detection rates at the district level,though illiteracy and satellite radiance are statistically significant predictors of leprosy at the district level.We find no evidence of rapid decline over the period 2008-2015 in either new case detection or new Grade 2 disability.Conclusions:Our findings suggest a somewhat higher rate of leprosy detection,on average,in poorer districts;the overall effect is weak.The divide between leprosy case detection and true incidence of clinical leprosy complicates these results,particularly given that the detection rate is likely disproportionately lower in impoverished settings.Additional information is needed to distinguish the determinants of leprosy case detection and transmission during the elimination epoch.
