We propose an unbounded fully homomorphic encryption scheme, i.e. a scheme that allows one to compute on encrypted data for any desired functions without needing to decrypt the data or knowing the decryption keys. Thi...We propose an unbounded fully homomorphic encryption scheme, i.e. a scheme that allows one to compute on encrypted data for any desired functions without needing to decrypt the data or knowing the decryption keys. This is a rational solution to an old problem proposed by Rivest, Adleman, and Dertouzos [1] in 1978, and to some new problems that appeared in Peikert [2] as open questions 10 and open questions 11 a few years ago. Our scheme is completely different from the breakthrough work [3] of Gentry in 2009. Gentry’s bootstrapping technique constructs a fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme from a somewhat homomorphic one that is powerful enough to evaluate its own decryption function. To date, it remains the only known way of obtaining unbounded FHE. Our construction of an unbounded FHE scheme is straightforward and can handle unbounded homomorphic computation on any refreshed ciphertexts without bootstrapping transformation technique.展开更多
Federated learning is a distributed machine learning technique that trains a global model by exchanging model parameters or intermediate results among multiple data sources. Although federated learning achieves physic...Federated learning is a distributed machine learning technique that trains a global model by exchanging model parameters or intermediate results among multiple data sources. Although federated learning achieves physical isolation of data, the local data of federated learning clients are still at risk of leakage under the attack of malicious individuals. For this reason, combining data protection techniques (e.g., differential privacy techniques) with federated learning is a sure way to further improve the data security of federated learning models. In this survey, we review recent advances in the research of differentially-private federated learning models. First, we introduce the workflow of federated learning and the theoretical basis of differential privacy. Then, we review three differentially-private federated learning paradigms: central differential privacy, local differential privacy, and distributed differential privacy. After this, we review the algorithmic optimization and communication cost optimization of federated learning models with differential privacy. Finally, we review the applications of federated learning models with differential privacy in various domains. By systematically summarizing the existing research, we propose future research opportunities.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to extend the theory of circulant matrix to general ideal matrix, and to construct more general NTRU cryptosystem combined with the φ-cyclic code. To understand our construction, ...The purpose of this article is to extend the theory of circulant matrix to general ideal matrix, and to construct more general NTRU cryptosystem combined with the φ-cyclic code. To understand our construction, first we discuss a more general form of the ordinary cyclic code, namely φ-cyclic code, which firstly appeared in [1] and [2], thus we give a more generalized NTRUEncrypt by replacing finite field with real number field R.展开更多
In this article, we introduce the discrete subgroup in ℝ<sup>n</sup> as preliminaries first. Then we provide some theories of cyclic lattices and ideal lattices. By regarding the cyclic lattices...In this article, we introduce the discrete subgroup in ℝ<sup>n</sup> as preliminaries first. Then we provide some theories of cyclic lattices and ideal lattices. By regarding the cyclic lattices and ideal lattices as the correspondences of finitely generated R-modules, we prove our main theorem, i.e. the correspondence between cyclic lattices in ℝ<sup>n</sup> and finitely generated R-modules is one-to-one. Finally, we give an explicit and countable upper bound for the smoothing parameter of cyclic lattices.展开更多
Phytohormones play crucial roles in fruit set regulation and development.Here,gibberellins(GA4+7),but not GA3,induced pear parthenocarpy.To systematically investigate the changes upon GA4+7 induced pear parthenocarpy,...Phytohormones play crucial roles in fruit set regulation and development.Here,gibberellins(GA4+7),but not GA3,induced pear parthenocarpy.To systematically investigate the changes upon GA4+7 induced pear parthenocarpy,dynamic changes in histology,hormone and transcript levels were observed and identified in unpollinated,pollinated and GA4+7-treated ovaries.Mesocarp cells continued developing in both GA4+7-treated and pollinated ovaries.In unpollinated ovaries,mesocarp cells stopped developing 14 days after anthesis.During fruit set process,GA4+7,but not GA1+3,increased after pollination.Abscisic acid(ABA)accumulation was significantly repressed by GA4+7 or pollination,but under unpollinated conditions,ABA was produced in large quantities.Moreover,indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis was not induced by GA4+7 or pollination treatments.Details of this GA–auxin–ABA cross-linked gene network were determined by a comparative transcriptome analysis.The indole-3-acetic acid transport-related genes,mainly auxin efflux carrier component genes,were induced in both GA4+7-treated and pollinated ovaries.ABA biosynthetic genes of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase family were repressed by GA4+7 and pollination.Moreover,directly related genes in the downstream parthenocarpy network involved in cell division and expansion(upregulated),and MADS-box family genes(downregulated),were also identified.Thus,a model of GA-induced hormonal balance and its effects on parthenocarpy were established.展开更多
Peanut root invasion by Bradyrhizobia is through a crack entry, which is different from many other legumes applying an infection thread entry in root hair. Understanding the role of root hair in the crack entry of Bra...Peanut root invasion by Bradyrhizobia is through a crack entry, which is different from many other legumes applying an infection thread entry in root hair. Understanding the role of root hair in the crack entry of Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root and subsequent peanut nodulation would facilitate improvement of biological nitrogen fixation in cultivated peanut. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of root hair in Bradyrhizobial invasion of peanut. Seedling roots of a nodulating peanut cultivar were observed for root hair emergence, its life span, and nodule formation at the base of the lateral roots with and without rhizobia inoculation for 14 days after germination (DAG). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe rhizobia accumulation at lateral roots at 24 hours after inoculation (HAI) before the emergence of root hair. Root hair emerged at 7 DAG with or without rhizobia inoculation. Two variations of rosette hair (RoH) were observed, the transient-thin RoH had life span of 3 days after root hair emergence and the thick and densely distributed RoH type stayed till the time of nodule emergence (9 days after inoculation). The lateral root devoid of root hair at the top 2 cm region was found to produce nodules. The SEM observation of seedling roots at 24 HAI showed that Bradyrhizobia invaded the roots at epidermis, protoplasm of cortical cell, and cortical cells of the main root near the newly emerged lateral root in the absence of RoH. The observations validated that root hair is not required in the Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root in the crack entry mode. Results from this study provided important morphological information for the hypothesis of close relationship between RoH and peanut nodulation for further genetic study of crack entry mechanism and signaling pathway of symbiosis between Bradyrhizobia and peanut.展开更多
Grain size is an important yield related trait in rice.Intensive arti cial selection for grain size during domestication is evidenced by the larger grains of most of today’s cultivars compared with their wild relativ...Grain size is an important yield related trait in rice.Intensive arti cial selection for grain size during domestication is evidenced by the larger grains of most of today’s cultivars compared with their wild relatives.However,the molecular genetic control of rice grain size is still not well characterized.Here,we report the identi cation and cloning of Grain Size 6(GS6),which plays an important role in reducing grain size in rice.A premature stop at the t348 position in the coding sequence(CDS)of GS6 increased grain width and weight signi cantly.Alignment of the CDS regions of GS6 in 90 rice materials revealed three GS6alleles.Most japonica varieties(95%)harbor the Type I haplotype,and 62.9%of indica varieties harbor the Type II haplotype.Association analysis revealed that the Type I haplotype tends to increase the width and weight of grains more than either of the Type II or Type III haplotypes.Further investigation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary mechanisms of GS6showed that the GS6gene was strongly selected in japonica cultivars.In addition,a"ggc"repeat region identi ed in the region that encodes the GRAS domain of GS6 played an important historic role in the domestication of grain size in rice.Knowledge of the function of GS6might aid efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control grain development and evolution in rice plants,and could facilitate the genetic improvement of rice yield.展开更多
Flowering at suitable time is very important for plants to adapt to complicated environments and produce their seeds successfully for reproduction.In rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) photoperiod regulation is one of the ...Flowering at suitable time is very important for plants to adapt to complicated environments and produce their seeds successfully for reproduction.In rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) photoperiod regulation is one of the important factors for controlling heading date.Common wild rice,the ancestor of cultivated rice,exhibits a late heading date and a more sensitive photoperiodic response than cultivated rice.Here,through map-based cloning,we identified a major quantitative trait loci (QTL) LHD1 (Late Heading Date 1),an allele of DTH8/Ghd8,which controls the late heading date of wild rice and encodes a putative HAP3/NF-YB/CBF-A subunit of the CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor.Sequence analysis revealed that several variants in the coding region of LHD1 were correlated with a late heading date,and a further complementary study successfully rescued the phenotype.These results suggest that a functional site for LHD1 could be among those variants present in the coding region.We also found that LHD1 could down-regulate the expression of several floral transition activators such as Ehd1,Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions,but not under short-day conditions.This indicates that LHD1 may delay flowering by repressing the expression of Ehd1,Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions.展开更多
Grain yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.) is closely related to leaf and flower development. Coordinative regulation of leaf, pollen, and seed development in rice as a critical biological and agricultural question should b...Grain yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.) is closely related to leaf and flower development. Coordinative regulation of leaf, pollen, and seed development in rice as a critical biological and agricultural question should be addressed. Here we identified two allelic rice mutants with narrow and semirolled leaves, named narrow and rolled leaf 2-1(nrl2-1) and nrl2-2. Map-based molecular cloning revealed that NRL2 encodes a novel protein with unknown biochemical function. The mutation of NRL2 caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in the number of longitudinal veins, defective abaxial sclerenchymatous cell differentiation, abnormal tapetum degeneration and microspore development, and the formation of more slender seeds compared with the wild type(WT). The NRL2 protein interacted with Rolling-leaf(RL14),causing the leaves of the nrl2 mutants to have a highercellulose content and lower lignin content than the WT, which may have been related to sclerenchymatous cell differentiation and tapetum degeneration. Thus, this gene is an essential developmental regulator controlling fundamental cellular and developmental processes, serving as a potential breeding target for high-yielding rice cultivars.展开更多
The modification of plant architecture is a crucial target in rice domestication and modern genetic improvement.Although several genes regulating rice plant architecture have been characterized,the molecular mechanism...The modification of plant architecture is a crucial target in rice domestication and modern genetic improvement.Although several genes regulating rice plant architecture have been characterized,the molecular mechanisms underlying rice plant architecture domestication remain largely unclear.Here we show that the inclined tiller growth in wild rice is controlled by a single dominant gene,TILLER INCLINED GROWTH 1 (T/Gf),which is located on chromosome 8 and encodes a TCP transcriptional activator.TIG1 is primarily expressed in the adaxial side of the tiller base,promotes cell elongation,and enlarges the tiller angle in wild rice.Variations in the TIG1 promoter of indica cultivars {tig1 allele) resulted in decreased expression of TIG1 in the adaxial side of tiller base and reduced cell length and tiller angle,leading to the transition from inclined tiller growth in wild rice to erect tiller growth during rice domestication.TIG1 positively regulates the expression of EXP A3,EXPB5,and SAUR39 to promote cell elongation and increase the tiller angle.Selective sweep analysis revealed that the tig1 allele was selected in indica cultivars by human beings.The cloning and characterization of TIG1 supports a new scenario of plant architecture evolution in rice.展开更多
Ferromagnetic-structural transformation has been studied widely in MnCoGe-based materials. However, the magnetostructural transition(MST) from antiferromagnetic(AFM) orthorhombic phase to ferromagnetic(FM) hexagonal p...Ferromagnetic-structural transformation has been studied widely in MnCoGe-based materials. However, the magnetostructural transition(MST) from antiferromagnetic(AFM) orthorhombic phase to ferromagnetic(FM) hexagonal phase, which may lead to a large inverse magnetocaloric effect(MCE), has rarely been reported. Here, the introduction of Mn vacancy lowers the structural transition temperature while retains the AFM state in the orthorhombic phase, thus successfully realizing the AFM-FM MST in Mn0.95Co0.75Cu0.25Ge. Moreover, successive inverse and normal MCEs are observed around the first-order AFM-FM MST and the second-order FM-paramagnetic(PM) transition, respectively. A thermostat is proposed based on this special feature, which could release heat above the critical temperature while absorb heat below the critical temperature by simply applying the same magnetization/demagnetization cycles. This thermostat can be very useful in many applications where a constant temperature is required, such as cryostats and incubators.展开更多
Soil salinity inhibits seed germination and reduces seedling survival rate,resulting in significant yield reductions in crops.Here,we report the identification of a polyamine oxidase,OsPAO3,conferring salt tolerance a...Soil salinity inhibits seed germination and reduces seedling survival rate,resulting in significant yield reductions in crops.Here,we report the identification of a polyamine oxidase,OsPAO3,conferring salt tolerance at the germination stage in rice(Oryza sativa L.),through map-based cloning approach.OsPAO3 is up-regulated under salt stress at the germination stage and highly expressed in various organs.Overexpression of OsPAO3 increases activity of polyamine oxidases,enhancing the polyamine content in seed coleoptiles.Increased polyamine may lead to the enhance of the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes to eliminate over-accumulated H;O;and to reduce Na;content in seed coleoptiles to maintain ion homeostasis and weaken Na;damage.These changes resulted in stronger salt tolerance at the germination stage in rice.Our findings not only provide a unique gene for breeding new salt-tolerant rice cultivars but also help to elucidate the mechanism of salt tolerance in rice.展开更多
African cultivated rice,Oryza glaberrima,is characterized by its glabrous glumes.During domestication,the pubescent glumes of its wild ancestor,Oryza barthii,lost their trichomes,and in this study,we show that glabrou...African cultivated rice,Oryza glaberrima,is characterized by its glabrous glumes.During domestication,the pubescent glumes of its wild ancestor,Oryza barthii,lost their trichomes,and in this study,we show that glabrous glume 5(GLAG5),a WUSCHEL-like homeobox transcription factor gene on chromosome 5,is required for trichome development.DNA methylation associated with an hATtransposable element inserted in the promoter region of GLAG5 is found to reduce its expression,leading to the formation of glabrous glumes and leaves in African cultivated rice.Among 82 African cultivated rice varieties investigated in this study,59(approximately 71%)lines exhibit glabrous glumes and harbor the hAT transposon;however,the other 23 varieties(approximately 29%),which exhibit pubescent glumes,lack the hAT transposon,indicating that glag5 had undergone strong artificial selection.Theπ;/π;ratios also show the hAT transposon insertions influence the genetic diversity of an approximately 150-kb interval encompassing the GLAG5 locus.The identification of the GLAG5 gene provides new insights into the domestication of cultivated rice in Africa.We speculate that the selection of varieties with mutations in their promoter regions is an important aspect of crop domestication.展开更多
Considering the Navier-Stokes-Landau-Lifshitz-Maxwell equations,in dimensions two and three,we use Galerkin method to prove the existence of weak solution.Then combine the a priori estimates and induction technique,we...Considering the Navier-Stokes-Landau-Lifshitz-Maxwell equations,in dimensions two and three,we use Galerkin method to prove the existence of weak solution.Then combine the a priori estimates and induction technique,we obtain the existence of smooth solution.展开更多
文摘We propose an unbounded fully homomorphic encryption scheme, i.e. a scheme that allows one to compute on encrypted data for any desired functions without needing to decrypt the data or knowing the decryption keys. This is a rational solution to an old problem proposed by Rivest, Adleman, and Dertouzos [1] in 1978, and to some new problems that appeared in Peikert [2] as open questions 10 and open questions 11 a few years ago. Our scheme is completely different from the breakthrough work [3] of Gentry in 2009. Gentry’s bootstrapping technique constructs a fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme from a somewhat homomorphic one that is powerful enough to evaluate its own decryption function. To date, it remains the only known way of obtaining unbounded FHE. Our construction of an unbounded FHE scheme is straightforward and can handle unbounded homomorphic computation on any refreshed ciphertexts without bootstrapping transformation technique.
文摘Federated learning is a distributed machine learning technique that trains a global model by exchanging model parameters or intermediate results among multiple data sources. Although federated learning achieves physical isolation of data, the local data of federated learning clients are still at risk of leakage under the attack of malicious individuals. For this reason, combining data protection techniques (e.g., differential privacy techniques) with federated learning is a sure way to further improve the data security of federated learning models. In this survey, we review recent advances in the research of differentially-private federated learning models. First, we introduce the workflow of federated learning and the theoretical basis of differential privacy. Then, we review three differentially-private federated learning paradigms: central differential privacy, local differential privacy, and distributed differential privacy. After this, we review the algorithmic optimization and communication cost optimization of federated learning models with differential privacy. Finally, we review the applications of federated learning models with differential privacy in various domains. By systematically summarizing the existing research, we propose future research opportunities.
文摘The purpose of this article is to extend the theory of circulant matrix to general ideal matrix, and to construct more general NTRU cryptosystem combined with the φ-cyclic code. To understand our construction, first we discuss a more general form of the ordinary cyclic code, namely φ-cyclic code, which firstly appeared in [1] and [2], thus we give a more generalized NTRUEncrypt by replacing finite field with real number field R.
文摘In this article, we introduce the discrete subgroup in ℝ<sup>n</sup> as preliminaries first. Then we provide some theories of cyclic lattices and ideal lattices. By regarding the cyclic lattices and ideal lattices as the correspondences of finitely generated R-modules, we prove our main theorem, i.e. the correspondence between cyclic lattices in ℝ<sup>n</sup> and finitely generated R-modules is one-to-one. Finally, we give an explicit and countable upper bound for the smoothing parameter of cyclic lattices.
基金This work was supported by the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-29-40)Weinan Experimental Station foundation of Northwest A&F University.
文摘Phytohormones play crucial roles in fruit set regulation and development.Here,gibberellins(GA4+7),but not GA3,induced pear parthenocarpy.To systematically investigate the changes upon GA4+7 induced pear parthenocarpy,dynamic changes in histology,hormone and transcript levels were observed and identified in unpollinated,pollinated and GA4+7-treated ovaries.Mesocarp cells continued developing in both GA4+7-treated and pollinated ovaries.In unpollinated ovaries,mesocarp cells stopped developing 14 days after anthesis.During fruit set process,GA4+7,but not GA1+3,increased after pollination.Abscisic acid(ABA)accumulation was significantly repressed by GA4+7 or pollination,but under unpollinated conditions,ABA was produced in large quantities.Moreover,indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis was not induced by GA4+7 or pollination treatments.Details of this GA–auxin–ABA cross-linked gene network were determined by a comparative transcriptome analysis.The indole-3-acetic acid transport-related genes,mainly auxin efflux carrier component genes,were induced in both GA4+7-treated and pollinated ovaries.ABA biosynthetic genes of the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase family were repressed by GA4+7 and pollination.Moreover,directly related genes in the downstream parthenocarpy network involved in cell division and expansion(upregulated),and MADS-box family genes(downregulated),were also identified.Thus,a model of GA-induced hormonal balance and its effects on parthenocarpy were established.
文摘Peanut root invasion by Bradyrhizobia is through a crack entry, which is different from many other legumes applying an infection thread entry in root hair. Understanding the role of root hair in the crack entry of Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root and subsequent peanut nodulation would facilitate improvement of biological nitrogen fixation in cultivated peanut. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of root hair in Bradyrhizobial invasion of peanut. Seedling roots of a nodulating peanut cultivar were observed for root hair emergence, its life span, and nodule formation at the base of the lateral roots with and without rhizobia inoculation for 14 days after germination (DAG). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to observe rhizobia accumulation at lateral roots at 24 hours after inoculation (HAI) before the emergence of root hair. Root hair emerged at 7 DAG with or without rhizobia inoculation. Two variations of rosette hair (RoH) were observed, the transient-thin RoH had life span of 3 days after root hair emergence and the thick and densely distributed RoH type stayed till the time of nodule emergence (9 days after inoculation). The lateral root devoid of root hair at the top 2 cm region was found to produce nodules. The SEM observation of seedling roots at 24 HAI showed that Bradyrhizobia invaded the roots at epidermis, protoplasm of cortical cell, and cortical cells of the main root near the newly emerged lateral root in the absence of RoH. The observations validated that root hair is not required in the Bradyrhizobia invasion of peanut root in the crack entry mode. Results from this study provided important morphological information for the hypothesis of close relationship between RoH and peanut nodulation for further genetic study of crack entry mechanism and signaling pathway of symbiosis between Bradyrhizobia and peanut.
基金supported by the National High tech R&D Program of China(863 Program)(2012AA10A301)a grant fromthe Agricultural Ministry of China(grant No.2008ZX08009 003)the Self Regulated Projects of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
文摘Grain size is an important yield related trait in rice.Intensive arti cial selection for grain size during domestication is evidenced by the larger grains of most of today’s cultivars compared with their wild relatives.However,the molecular genetic control of rice grain size is still not well characterized.Here,we report the identi cation and cloning of Grain Size 6(GS6),which plays an important role in reducing grain size in rice.A premature stop at the t348 position in the coding sequence(CDS)of GS6 increased grain width and weight signi cantly.Alignment of the CDS regions of GS6 in 90 rice materials revealed three GS6alleles.Most japonica varieties(95%)harbor the Type I haplotype,and 62.9%of indica varieties harbor the Type II haplotype.Association analysis revealed that the Type I haplotype tends to increase the width and weight of grains more than either of the Type II or Type III haplotypes.Further investigation of genetic diversity and the evolutionary mechanisms of GS6showed that the GS6gene was strongly selected in japonica cultivars.In addition,a"ggc"repeat region identi ed in the region that encodes the GRAS domain of GS6 played an important historic role in the domestication of grain size in rice.Knowledge of the function of GS6might aid efforts to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that control grain development and evolution in rice plants,and could facilitate the genetic improvement of rice yield.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(201003021)the Project of Conservation and Utilization of Agricultural Wild Plants of the Ministry of Agriculture of Chinathe National High-Tech Research and Development(863)Program of China(2012AA101103)
文摘Flowering at suitable time is very important for plants to adapt to complicated environments and produce their seeds successfully for reproduction.In rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) photoperiod regulation is one of the important factors for controlling heading date.Common wild rice,the ancestor of cultivated rice,exhibits a late heading date and a more sensitive photoperiodic response than cultivated rice.Here,through map-based cloning,we identified a major quantitative trait loci (QTL) LHD1 (Late Heading Date 1),an allele of DTH8/Ghd8,which controls the late heading date of wild rice and encodes a putative HAP3/NF-YB/CBF-A subunit of the CCAAT-box-binding transcription factor.Sequence analysis revealed that several variants in the coding region of LHD1 were correlated with a late heading date,and a further complementary study successfully rescued the phenotype.These results suggest that a functional site for LHD1 could be among those variants present in the coding region.We also found that LHD1 could down-regulate the expression of several floral transition activators such as Ehd1,Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions,but not under short-day conditions.This indicates that LHD1 may delay flowering by repressing the expression of Ehd1,Hd3a and RFT1 under long-day conditions.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation （Grant No. 30971755）Ministry of Agriculture of China （Grant No. 2009ZX08009-106B）, Self-Regulated Projects of State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, and Chang Jiang Scholars Program.The authors thank Ms Hong Yan （China Agricultural University） and Ms Zhuo Xing （Chinese Academy of Sciences） for their kind assistance in the GeneChip and qRT-PCR operations. We also thank Professor Daoxin Xie （Tsinghua University, China） and Professor Zhizhong Gong （China Agricultural University） for pre-reviewing the paper and for their helpful suggestions. No conflict of interest declared.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 91435103 and 31222040)the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (grant no. 2016QC104)
文摘Grain yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.) is closely related to leaf and flower development. Coordinative regulation of leaf, pollen, and seed development in rice as a critical biological and agricultural question should be addressed. Here we identified two allelic rice mutants with narrow and semirolled leaves, named narrow and rolled leaf 2-1(nrl2-1) and nrl2-2. Map-based molecular cloning revealed that NRL2 encodes a novel protein with unknown biochemical function. The mutation of NRL2 caused pleiotropic effects, including a reduction in the number of longitudinal veins, defective abaxial sclerenchymatous cell differentiation, abnormal tapetum degeneration and microspore development, and the formation of more slender seeds compared with the wild type(WT). The NRL2 protein interacted with Rolling-leaf(RL14),causing the leaves of the nrl2 mutants to have a highercellulose content and lower lignin content than the WT, which may have been related to sclerenchymatous cell differentiation and tapetum degeneration. Thus, this gene is an essential developmental regulator controlling fundamental cellular and developmental processes, serving as a potential breeding target for high-yielding rice cultivars.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program for Crop Breeding (2016YFD0100301)National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 91335202 and grant 91535301).
文摘The modification of plant architecture is a crucial target in rice domestication and modern genetic improvement.Although several genes regulating rice plant architecture have been characterized,the molecular mechanisms underlying rice plant architecture domestication remain largely unclear.Here we show that the inclined tiller growth in wild rice is controlled by a single dominant gene,TILLER INCLINED GROWTH 1 (T/Gf),which is located on chromosome 8 and encodes a TCP transcriptional activator.TIG1 is primarily expressed in the adaxial side of the tiller base,promotes cell elongation,and enlarges the tiller angle in wild rice.Variations in the TIG1 promoter of indica cultivars {tig1 allele) resulted in decreased expression of TIG1 in the adaxial side of tiller base and reduced cell length and tiller angle,leading to the transition from inclined tiller growth in wild rice to erect tiller growth during rice domestication.TIG1 positively regulates the expression of EXP A3,EXPB5,and SAUR39 to promote cell elongation and increase the tiller angle.Selective sweep analysis revealed that the tig1 allele was selected in indica cultivars by human beings.The cloning and characterization of TIG1 supports a new scenario of plant architecture evolution in rice.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2011CB100201)the National Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.30930057)the Chang Jiang Scholars Program
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFB0702704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51671022, and 51701130)+2 种基金the State Key Lab of Advanced Metals and Materials (Grant No. 2019-Z11)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Team Program of Foshan (Grant No. 2015IT100044)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. FRF-TP-18-014B1)
文摘Ferromagnetic-structural transformation has been studied widely in MnCoGe-based materials. However, the magnetostructural transition(MST) from antiferromagnetic(AFM) orthorhombic phase to ferromagnetic(FM) hexagonal phase, which may lead to a large inverse magnetocaloric effect(MCE), has rarely been reported. Here, the introduction of Mn vacancy lowers the structural transition temperature while retains the AFM state in the orthorhombic phase, thus successfully realizing the AFM-FM MST in Mn0.95Co0.75Cu0.25Ge. Moreover, successive inverse and normal MCEs are observed around the first-order AFM-FM MST and the second-order FM-paramagnetic(PM) transition, respectively. A thermostat is proposed based on this special feature, which could release heat above the critical temperature while absorb heat below the critical temperature by simply applying the same magnetization/demagnetization cycles. This thermostat can be very useful in many applications where a constant temperature is required, such as cryostats and incubators.
基金supported by self-regulated projects of the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and BiochemistryNational Natural Science Foundation of China (3137158)
文摘Soil salinity inhibits seed germination and reduces seedling survival rate,resulting in significant yield reductions in crops.Here,we report the identification of a polyamine oxidase,OsPAO3,conferring salt tolerance at the germination stage in rice(Oryza sativa L.),through map-based cloning approach.OsPAO3 is up-regulated under salt stress at the germination stage and highly expressed in various organs.Overexpression of OsPAO3 increases activity of polyamine oxidases,enhancing the polyamine content in seed coleoptiles.Increased polyamine may lead to the enhance of the activity of ROS-scavenging enzymes to eliminate over-accumulated H;O;and to reduce Na;content in seed coleoptiles to maintain ion homeostasis and weaken Na;damage.These changes resulted in stronger salt tolerance at the germination stage in rice.Our findings not only provide a unique gene for breeding new salt-tolerant rice cultivars but also help to elucidate the mechanism of salt tolerance in rice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31925029)。
文摘African cultivated rice,Oryza glaberrima,is characterized by its glabrous glumes.During domestication,the pubescent glumes of its wild ancestor,Oryza barthii,lost their trichomes,and in this study,we show that glabrous glume 5(GLAG5),a WUSCHEL-like homeobox transcription factor gene on chromosome 5,is required for trichome development.DNA methylation associated with an hATtransposable element inserted in the promoter region of GLAG5 is found to reduce its expression,leading to the formation of glabrous glumes and leaves in African cultivated rice.Among 82 African cultivated rice varieties investigated in this study,59(approximately 71%)lines exhibit glabrous glumes and harbor the hAT transposon;however,the other 23 varieties(approximately 29%),which exhibit pubescent glumes,lack the hAT transposon,indicating that glag5 had undergone strong artificial selection.Theπ;/π;ratios also show the hAT transposon insertions influence the genetic diversity of an approximately 150-kb interval encompassing the GLAG5 locus.The identification of the GLAG5 gene provides new insights into the domestication of cultivated rice in Africa.We speculate that the selection of varieties with mutations in their promoter regions is an important aspect of crop domestication.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11731014,11571254).
文摘Considering the Navier-Stokes-Landau-Lifshitz-Maxwell equations,in dimensions two and three,we use Galerkin method to prove the existence of weak solution.Then combine the a priori estimates and induction technique,we obtain the existence of smooth solution.
