Functional characterization of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase in internode lignification of switchgrass(Panicum virgatum)

Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase(COMT) is a crucial enzyme that mainly methylates phenylpropanoid meta-hydroxyl of C5 in the biosynthesis of syringyl lignin in angiosperms. A putative COMT, named as PvCOMT1,was isolated from switchgrass(Panicum virgatum), a C4 warm-season dual-purpose forage and bioenergy crop. Our results showed that recombinant PvCOMT1 enzyme protein catalyzed the methylation of 5-OH coniferyl alcohol, 5-OH coniferaldehyde(CAld5H) and 5-OH ferulic acid. Further in vitro studies indicate that CAld5H can dominate COMT-mediated reactions by inhibiting the methylation of the other substrates. Transgenic switchgrass plants generated by an RNAi approach were further employed to study the function of COMT in internode lignification. A dramatic decrease in syringyl lignin units coupled with an obvious incorporation in 5-OH guaiacyl lignin units were observed in the COMT-RNAi transgenic plants. However, the constitutive suppression of COMT in switchgrass plants altered neither the pattern of lignin deposition along the stem nor the anatomical structure of internodes. Consistent with the biochemical characterization of PvCOMT1, a significant decrease in sinapaldehyde was found in the COMT-RNAi transgenic switchgrass plants, suggesting that CAld5H could be the optimal intermediate in the biosynthesis syringyl lignin.

ALIKHANOV LINEARIZED GALERKIN FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR NONLINEAR TIME-FRACTIONAL SCHRODINGER EQUATIONS

We present Alikhanov linearized Galerkin methods for solving the nonlinear time fractional Schrödinger equations.Unconditionally optimal estimates of the fully-discrete scheme are obtained by using the fractional time-spatial splitting argument.The convergence results indicate that the error estimates hold without any spatial-temporal stepsize restrictions.Numerical experiments are done to verify the theoretical results.