Fate of Myclobutanil Residues after Application on Apples Growing to Korca District, Albania

One of the largest and most important pesticides groups are Demthylation inhibitors, a class of single-side fungicides, used for the control of fungal diseases on fruit. The aim of this study was to investigate the fate of myclobutanil after its application in Starking and Golden Delicious cultivars. The apple trees were treated with maximum and minimum levels of recommended doses. The samples were collected randomly in different interval days after application. For identification and quantification of myclobutanil residues in apple fruit liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique was performed. The highest values of myclobutanil residues were found at the 1^st day after treatment and by the time the residue levels were decreased. Thus, the level of myclobutanil residues ranges from 0.928 mg kg^-1 to 0.019 mg kg^-1 and from 2.085 mg kg^-1 to 0.086 mg kg^-1 in Starking treated with the minimum and maximum doses respectively. Also, in the Golden Delicious cultivar the level of myclobutanil residues ranges from 0.878 mg kg^-1 to 0.026 mg kg^-1 and from 1.760 mg kg^-1 to 0.092 mg kg^-1 with the minimum and maximum applied doses at 1^st and 40^th day after application, respectively. Therefore, the samples treated with maximum recommended dose did not reach the MRL (0.6 mg kg^-1) before the 14th day after application, whereas the samples treated with minimum recommended dose reached MRL before 7th day after application. Therefore, the application of myclobutanil guarantees food safety for the consumer not only in minimum doses but even in maximal doses as well.

Fate Processes of Chlorobenzenes in Soil and Potential Remediation Strategies: A Review

Chlorobenzenes(CBs) are a group of organic pollutants that pose a high environmental risk due to their toxicity, persistence and possible transfer in the food chain. Available data in literature show that CBs are detected in different environmental compartments such as soil, water, air and sediment. The widespread presence of CBs in the environment is related to their former extensive use in agriculture and industry. Some CBs are ranked in the list of priority pollutants by the Stockholm Convention, and their reduction or elimination from the environment is therefore of high importance. Environmental risk assessment of CBs requires knowledge on the role and importance of the main environmental fate processes, especially in soil. Furthermore, development of remediation strategies for reduction or elimination of CBs from the environment is related to the enhancement of fate processes that increase their dissipation in various environmental compartments. The main objectives of the current review were to present up-to-date data on fate processes of CBs in the soil environment and to explore possible remediation strategies for soils contaminated with CBs.Dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes is the main degradation pathway under anaerobic conditions, leading to the formation of lower-chlorinated benzenes. Biodegradation of lower-chlorinated benzenes is well documented, especially by strains of adapted or specialized microorganisms. Development of techniques that combine dechlorination of highly-chlorinated benzenes with biodegradation or biomineralization of lower-chlorinated benzenes can result in useful tools for remediation of soils contaminated with CBs. In addition,immobilization of CBs in soil by use of different amendments is a useful method for reducing the environmental risk of CBs.