Best surgical treatment for very large benign prostatic obstruction

AIM:To investigate the best surgical treatment for very large benign prostatic obstruction(BPO).METHODS:A revision of literature was conducted in Pub Med database with 167 search results.Key words for the search were benign prostatic hyperplasia,surgical treatment,large,and volume.Inclusion criteria for this study were surgical treatment of benign prostatic obstruction for prostates equal to or larger than 80 cc.Among article search results,9 completed inclusion criterion and were revised.Each surgical technique included in those articles was compared to each other.The results were observed,and conclusions derived from this are presented.There is no statistical analysis.RESULTS:Of the 5 techniques presented in the revised articles[open transvesical enucleation,holmiumlaser enucleation of the prostate(HoL EP),photoselective vaporization of the prostate using potassium titanyl phospate laser,transurethral resection with bipolar energy,and transurethral enucleation with bipolar energy],open transvesical enucleation best permits the resolution of obstructive symptoms.It presents excellent maximum flow rates,high resected tissue volume and maintenance of results over time.These characteristics explain why it has been the gold standard treatment for prostates greater than 80 cc.However,it is at the expense of greater blood loss,urethral catheter and hospital stay times.Since its initial application in1996,the transurethral enucleation of the prostate by means of a holmium laser has become a procedure that has similar surgical outcomes with fewer complications when compared to open surgery making it an interesting alternative for very large BPO.Nonetheless,no procedure has removed open surgery as the gold standard for very large BPO.CONCLUSION:Open surgery has proved to be the gold standard for very large BPO.HoL EP appears as a minimally invasive alternative with same benefits but less morbidity.

Pre-transplant treatment of large polycystic kidney

AIM: To evaluate the indications, optimal timing andoutcomes of native nephrectomy and other techniques in pretransplant treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease(PKD).METHODS: A literature review was conducted using the Pub Med and Epistemonikos databases. Keywords for pre-transplant surgical management of polycystic kidneys were: Transplant, treatment and PKD. Keywords for pre-treatment embolization of PKD were: Embolization, transplant and polycystic kidney disease. The inclusion criterions were all articles found using this search method. The exclusion criterions were articles found to include bias and not attending pre-transplant treatment options. Fifteen articles were included in our final analysis. Ten articles were found regarding embolization of PKD of which three reviews were selected for final analysis. The reviews were divided into pre transplant and intra transplant treatment for the surgical treatment of PKD. All articles meeting inclusion criteria were thoroughly analyzed by two independent reviewers. A third independent reviewer was consulted if the reviewers did not agree upon the inclusion or exclusion of a specific article. No statistical analysis was performed.RESULTS: Studies vary regarding the technique used(open or laparoscopic), laterality(single or bilateral) and temporality of nephrectomy with respect to renal transplant(pre-transplant or simultaneous to transplant). Several groups argue in favor of simultaneous nephrectomy and kidney transplant since it avoids the deleterious effects of being anefric. Long-term results and patient satisfaction are acceptable. However, it is associated with increased operative time, transfusion rate, morbidity and length of hospital stay. Based on small sample studies, bilateral nephrectomy prior to transplant has been associated with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Studies on laparoscopic approach report it as a feasible and safe alternative to the open surgery approach, highlighting its lower complication rate, transfusions and shorter hospital stay. Arterial embolization of the kidney appears as an effectiveand low morbid alternative for the management of large native kidneys. The reduction in renal size allow transplant in a significant number of patients, which makes it an appealing alternative to surgery.CONCLUSION: There is limited evidence regarding best pretrasnplant treatment of large PKD but to date embolization seems an appealing alternative to augment space for renal graft allocation.